Choline chloride (CAS 67-48-1), CAS 67-48-1 — chemical product label

Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1)

Холин хлорид (жидкий) 70%. CAS 67-48-1.

Free, and generated automatically from the sources listed on this page. No person has reviewed it, and it describes the substance in general — not your material, your process or your intended market.

REACH 2020/878
v3 · 21.10.2026

Sezione 9 — proprietà chimico-fisiche: 4 su 22 stabilite.

Mostriamo ciò che è accertato e indichiamo ciò che non lo è. Classificazione e identità sono complete su ogni scheda; è nella sezione 9 che i dati pubblici sono scarsi.

SOLO DOCUMENTAZIONE E MODELLI STAMPATI IN 3D

Questa pagina offre documentazione relativa alla sostanza indicata. MolGod non vende né fornisce la sostanza chimica in sé.

Dati scientifici · Acquirente · Conformità

Questa pagina vende la documentazione di questa sostanza, non la sostanza. Scegli il livello di cui hai bisogno.

  1. €0Audit della scheda che già possiediInviaci la scheda che già possiedi per questa sostanza e ti diremo cosa c’è di sbagliato. Uno per azienda. Se risulta corretta, non acquisti nulla.Avvia l’audit gratuito →
  2. €49.99Bozza di lavoroIl documento completo in sedici sezioni, con riferimenti, scaricabile subito dopo l’acquisto. La scelta giusta finché le pratiche sono ancora in corso.
  3. €249.99Scheda firmataLo stesso documento revisionato e firmato, rilasciato entro 72 ore dalla ricezione di dati completi — per il momento in cui qualcuno di ufficiale chiede chi ne risponde.

Documentazione disponibile per questa sostanza: scheda di dati di sicurezza · etichetta CLP · certificato di analisi su richiesta · specifica. Lingue: la lingua ufficiale del tuo mercato di destinazione, prodotta per ogni scheda.

Grado, purezza, forma fisica, confezionamento, ordine minimo e tempi di consegna non sono indicati, perché MolGod non fornisce il materiale — sono informazioni relative a un venditore, e in questa pagina non c’è alcun venditore. Compaiono negli shop che realizziamo per i fornitori, dove qualcuno può risponderne.

Guarda prima un documento finitoListino prezzi completo →

Cosa ricevi — e cosa non è

Cosa ricevi

  • Una scheda di dati di sicurezza digitale in PDF, nella struttura in sedici sezioni dell'allegato II di REACH (regolamento 1907/2006).
  • Identificazione della sostanza, classificazione dei pericoli, informazioni chimico-fisiche, tossicologiche ed ecologiche e riferimenti normativi.
  • Classificazione verificata rispetto alla voce armonizzata dell’allegato VI del CLP, ove esista per la sostanza.
  • Un numero di versione, una data di compilazione e la fonte di ogni valore che ne ha una.
  • Consegna via e-mail. Nessuna spedizione.

Cosa non è

  • Non una sostanza chimica, non un campione, né alcun bene fisico.
  • Non è una certificazione. Nell’Unione europea non esiste alcun sistema ufficiale di certificazione delle schede di dati di sicurezza.
  • Non è un’approvazione legale né una garanzia di conformità in alcuna giurisdizione.
  • Non sostituisce la tua valutazione normativa né la scheda di dati di sicurezza fornita dal fabbricante o dall’importatore della sostanza effettivamente in tuo possesso.
  • Senza adattamento a uno specifico luogo di lavoro, processo o allegato nazionale, salvo che tu fornisca tali informazioni.

Quando le evidenze disponibili non supportano un valore, la scheda indica che il valore non è stabilito anziché stimarlo. Un campo senza fonte registrata viene contrassegnato come tale.

Cosa contiene il pacchetto per l’acquirente

Tutto ciò che il tuo responsabile della conformità chiederà, in un unico file.

  • La pagina prodotto in PDF — il record così come pubblicato, affinché ciò che inoltri corrisponda a ciò che leggi.
  • La scheda di dati di sicurezza al tuo livello di accesso — sedici sezioni nell’ordine stabilito dall’allegato II del regolamento REACH, per questa sostanza, nella lingua che selezioni.
  • Il layout dell’etichetta CLP — generato dalla stessa classificazione della scheda, così i due non possono essere in contrasto.
  • La specifica, e il certificato di analisi ove esistano dati di lotto.
  • sources.txt — ogni citazione con la data in cui è stata consultata.
  • Un elenco esplicito di ciò che non siamo riusciti ad accertare — campi contrassegnati come non disponibili anziché riempiti con una stima. È la parte onesta del documento e non la nascondiamo in una nota a piè di pagina.

Il tuo acquirente europeo inoltrerà questo materiale a qualcuno che non era presente alla call. Il pacchetto esiste perché ciò che inoltra sia completo, autoesplicativo e tracciabile — anziché quattro allegati e una frase che inizia con “Credo che sia tutto”.

Informazioni sulle versioni linguistiche

Questi cambiano la lingua di questa pagina. Single substances. Mixtures on enquiry. One document, one language — additional languages are priced separately. Every version, including the Chinese one, is written to EU law — (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II and (EU) 2020/878 — and translated from it. The Chinese version is a reference translation, not a legally valid document for the Chinese market: an SDS for China must be compiled separately to GB/T 16483 and GB/T 17519.

🧬 Visualizzatore di molecole 3D
Caricamento molecola...
Modello 3D Choline Chloride, CAS 67-48-1, formula molecolare C₅H₁₄ClNO, massa molare 139.62 g/mol

Viste del modello

  • Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1) – modello a sfere e bastoncini (proiezione piana), MolGod Viewer
    modello a sfere e bastoncini (proiezione piana)
  • Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1) – modello scheletrico (proiezione piana), MolGod Viewer
    modello scheletrico (proiezione piana)
  • Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1) – struttura 2D, MolGod Viewer
    struttura 2D

© 2026 MolGod.org. Tutti i diritti riservati. · Diritti sulle immagini

Dati trascritti da registri normativi e letteratura tecnica, con indicazione della fonte e dell'edizione. Non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza del fornitore. I campi privi di fonte registrata sono contrassegnati come tali.

🖨️ Modello per la stampa 3D e licenzaPREDICTED MODEL · NOT VERIFIED
PREDICTED MODEL — NOT VERIFIED
computed by MolGod Scientific · experimental feature (beta) · may contain errors
ILLUSTRATIVE FRAGMENT ARRANGEMENT — relative positions are not structural data

No source 3-D conformer was available to MolGod for this substance. MolGod Scientific computed this geometry from the structural formula with RDKit 2026.03.6 (ETKDGv3 conformer generation, MMFF94 force-field optimisation; lowest-energy converged conformer of a fixed-seed set). It is not a measured structure, it does not come from PubChem, and it has not been compared with experimental data. It shows one possible conformation.

This substance consists of 2 separate components (for example ions). Each component was computed separately; they are arranged radially around a layout anchor for visualisation only (at least 3.0 Å apart). Their relative positions are not a crystal structure, coordination geometry, ionic contacts or any experimentally determined arrangement.

Methods and references
  1. RDKit: Open-source cheminformatics, version 2026.03.6. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.22140358 (all versions: doi:10.5281/zenodo.591637)
  2. Riniker S, Landrum GA. Better Informed Distance Geometry: Using What We Know To Improve Conformation Generation. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2015, 55, 2562-2574. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00654
  3. Wang S, Witek J, Landrum GA, Riniker S. Improving Conformer Generation for Small Rings and Macrocycles Based on Distance Geometry and Experimental Torsional-Angle Preferences. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2020, 60, 2044-2058. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00025
  4. Halgren TA. Merck molecular force field. I. Basis, form, scope, parameterization, and performance of MMFF94. J. Comput. Chem. 1996, 17, 490-519. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-987X(199604)17:5/6<490::AID-JCC1>3.0.CO;2-P
  5. Tosco P, Stiefl N, Landrum G. Bringing the MMFF force field to the RDKit: implementation and validation. J. Cheminform. 2014, 6, 37. doi:10.1186/s13321-014-0037-3
  6. Heller SR, McNaught A, Pletnev I, Stein S, Tchekhovskoi D. InChI, the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier. J. Cheminform. 2015, 7, 23. doi:10.1186/s13321-015-0068-4
  7. Kim S, Chen J, Cheng T, et al. PubChem 2025 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025, 53, D1516-D1525. doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1059 Compound record: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6209
Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1), C₅H₁₄ClNO - 3D ball-and-stick molecular model, engraved element symbols (C H Cl N O), MolGod STL previewScarica immagine

MG-STL-67-48-1-ENGRAVED · 238,090 △ · 11 MB · SHA-256 018525e7d0a045a6

Scarica il modello 3D · ENGRAVED · C H Cl N O

Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1), C₅H₁₄ClNO - 3D ball-and-stick molecular model, MolGod STL previewScarica immagine

MG-STL-67-48-1-NORMAL · 8,960 △ · 438 KB · SHA-256 6ef39e92f80eda3e

Scarica il modello 3D

Licenza e provenienza ↓

⚠️ Il nome e il logo MolGod.org, compreso il logo in rilievo sulla base, sono il nostro marchio. La licenza CC BY-SA 4.0 non copre i marchi (sezione 2(b)(2)). Senza il nostro consenso scritto non è consentito usare il logo MolGod.org per contrassegnare i propri prodotti, nella pubblicità o in modo da suggerire il nostro sostegno.

📊 Dati chimico-fisici — CAS 67-48-1
📊 Proprietà fisico-chimiche

Riferimento rapido

Formula: C₅H₁₄ClNO
MW: 139.62 g/mol
CAS: 67-48-1
Aspetto: Cristalli bianchi
🔬 Proprietà avanzate

Identificatori chimici

SMILES: C[N+](C)(C)CCO.[Cl-]

Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-09-02

Panoramica chimica: Choline Chloride
Formula molecolareC₅H₁₄ClNO[1]
Peso molecolare139.62 g/mol[1]
Nome IUPAC2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride[1]
SMILESC[N+](C)(C)CCO.[Cl-][1]
InChIKeySGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M[1]

Sinonimi: CHOLINE CHLORIDE · 67-48-1 · Lipotril · Hepacholine · Paresan

Fonti dei dati: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-09-02

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ si applica a: Formula molecolare · Peso molecolare · Nome IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey

RICERCA SCIENTIFICA

[1]PubMed2026
Commensal-derived acetylcholine enhances mucosal immune education.
Song D, Duncan-Lowey B, Khetrapal V et al.. (2026). "Commensal-derived acetylcholine enhances mucosal immune education.". Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10592-7
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[2]PubMed2026
Challenges and unmet needs of [(18)F]fluorocholine PET in hyperparathyroidism: A framework for refining current practice and advancing parathyroid imaging.
Huellner MW, Isenschmid SK, Petranović Ovčariček P et al.. (2026). "Challenges and unmet needs of [(18)F]fluorocholine PET in hyperparathyroidism: A framework for refining current practice and advanci
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[3]PubMed2026
Choline metabolism drives metastasis in BRCA1-deficient ovarian cancers by activating FAM3C.
Wang C, Xie X, Li J et al.. (2026). "Choline metabolism drives metastasis in BRCA1-deficient ovarian cancers by activating FAM3C.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74652-2
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[4]PubMed2025
The Central Cholinergic Synapse: A Primer.
Klein J. (2025). "The Central Cholinergic Synapse: A Primer.". International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199670
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[5]PubMed2025
Diversity of human choline transporters: substrate specificity, kinetic properties, and inhibitor sensitivity.
Redeker KM, Brockmöller J. (2025). "Diversity of human choline transporters: substrate specificity, kinetic properties, and inhibitor sensitivity.". Biochemical pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[6]PubMed2025
Dietary Choline Intake and Risk of Alzheimer's Dementia in Older Adults.
Karosas T, Wallace TC, Li M et al.. (2025). "Dietary Choline Intake and Risk of Alzheimer's Dementia in Older Adults.". The Journal of nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.015
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[7]PubMed2025
Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B(2), vitamin B(12), vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of…
Zerback T, Koeder C, Weder S et al.. (2025). "Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B(2), vitamin B(12), vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation in healthy
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[8]PubMed2025
Dysfunctional one-carbon metabolism identifies vitamins B(6), B(9), B(12), and choline as neuroprotective in glaucoma.
Tribble JR, Wong VHY, Stuart KV et al.. (2025). "Dysfunctional one-carbon metabolism identifies vitamins B(6), B(9), B(12), and choline as neuroprotective in glaucoma.". Cell reports. Medicine. https:
Vai allo studio completo ↗
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) 10 refs · 1 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografia per-CAS (live da 13+ banche dati)

Fonti: db:pubmed (10)

  1. db:pubmed Song D, Duncan-Lowey B, Khetrapal V et al.. (2026). "Commensal-derived acetylcholine enhances mucosal immune education.". Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10592-7 →
  2. db:pubmed Huellner MW, Isenschmid SK, Petranović Ovčariček P et al.. (2026). "Challenges and unmet needs of [(18)F]fluorocholine PET in hyperparathyroidism: A framework for refining current practice and advancing parathyroid imaging.". European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-026-07761-1 →
  3. db:pubmed Wang C, Xie X, Li J et al.. (2026). "Choline metabolism drives metastasis in BRCA1-deficient ovarian cancers by activating FAM3C.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74652-2 →
  4. db:pubmed Klein J. (2025). "The Central Cholinergic Synapse: A Primer.". International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199670 →
  5. db:pubmed Redeker KM, Brockmöller J. (2025). "Diversity of human choline transporters: substrate specificity, kinetic properties, and inhibitor sensitivity.". Biochemical pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117343 →
  6. db:pubmed Karosas T, Wallace TC, Li M et al.. (2025). "Dietary Choline Intake and Risk of Alzheimer's Dementia in Older Adults.". The Journal of nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.015 →
  7. db:pubmed Zerback T, Koeder C, Weder S et al.. (2025). "Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B(2), vitamin B(12), vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation in healthy vegans: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.". European journal of nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03814-7 →
  8. db:pubmed Tribble JR, Wong VHY, Stuart KV et al.. (2025). "Dysfunctional one-carbon metabolism identifies vitamins B(6), B(9), B(12), and choline as neuroprotective in glaucoma.". Cell reports. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102127 →
  9. db:pubmed Gavira JA, Gilabert MJ, Santamaría-Hernando S et al.. (2025). "Acetylcholine chemotaxis in global bacterial plant pathogens.". Microbiological research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2025.128294 →
  10. db:pubmed Song Y, Wu X, Song B et al.. (2025). "A choline-sensing regulator coordinates metabolic adaptation and pathogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infections.". Science advances. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz1415 →
Stato normativo della sostanza
Questa sostanza è soggetta a requisiti normativi: gestione dei rifiuti pericolosi (BDO — norma nazionale, Polonia). Dettagli nella sezione "Stato normativo (REACH/ECHA/CLP)" e nella scheda SDS. Informazione normativa — non limita l'acquisto nel negozio.
🧮 Calcolatore stechiometrico
🧪 Dati chimici
Numero CAS
67-48-1
Formula molecolare
C₅H₁₄ClNO
Massa molare
139.62 g/mol
Nome IUPAC (EN)
2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride
SMILES
C[N+](C)(C)CCO.[Cl-]
InChIKey
SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M
📡 Data sources

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

🔍 Identificatori esterni
11 su 16 sistemi ID69%
DatabaseIdentificatoreAzioni
CAS Registry Number67-48-1Apri →
PubChem CID6209[1]Apri →
InChIKeySGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M[1]Apri →
InChIInChI=1S/C5H14NO.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;/h7H,4-5H2,1…[1]
SMILESC[N+](C)(C)CCO.[Cl-][1]
EC Number200-655-4[2]Apri →
ChEMBLCHEMBL282468[3]Apri →
ChemSpider5974[4]Apri →
UNII (FDA)45I14D8O27Apri →
NSC Number (NCI)402838Apri →
WikiData QIDQ2964153Apri →

Fonti: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (4 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ si applica a: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ si applica a: EC Number
  3. ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗ si applica a: ChEMBL
  4. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ si applica a: ChemSpider

Ulteriori letture

Pubblicazioni tematicamente correlate a questo CAS. Non sono la fonte di alcun valore riportato in questa scheda.

Bibliografia (estesa) (1)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ Crossref 🔓 OPEN ❓ non verificato Anonymous. "Choline Chloride.". https://doi.org/10.31003/uspnf_m17320_07_01. link [consultato: 2026-09-02]
📡 Spettroscopia — CAS 67-48-1
📊 Spettri (NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis) (1)

Tipi di spettri disponibili: IR

Spettro IR (KBr, 4000-400 cm⁻¹)

499 punti dati · Fonte: NIST WebBook · NIST ↗ · 📥 JCAMP-DX
🎓 Guida all'interpretazione degli spettri (per studenti)
Come leggere uno spettro IR
  • 3200-3600 cm⁻¹ — stiramento O-H (picco allargato = legame a idrogeno)
  • 2850-3000 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C-H (sp³)
  • 1650-1750 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C=O (chetoni, aldeidi, esteri)
  • 1400-1600 cm⁻¹ — vibrazioni dell'anello aromatico
  • 1000-1300 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C-O (eteri, alcoli)
  • Nessun assorbimento = gruppo funzionale assente → confrontare con un riferimento

Fonti: LibreTexts ↗, Silverstein (Spectrometric ID) ↗

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (7 sources)
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  2. Spectral Database for Organic Structure Determination (SDBS). 2024. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Ulrich, Eldon L., Hideo Akutsu, John F. Doreleijers, Yoko Harano, Yannis E. Ioannidis, Jundong Lin, Miron Livny, et al. 2008. "BioMagResBank." Nucleic Acids Research 36 (D1): D402–D408. [DOI ↗]
  4. Horai, Hisayuki, Masanori Arita, Shigehiko Kanaya, Yoshito Nihei, Tasuku Ikeda, Kazuhiro Suwa, Yuya Ojima, et al. 2010. "MassBank: A Public Repository for Sharing Mass Spectral Data for Life Sciences." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 45 (7): 703–714. [DOI ↗]
  5. Linstrom, P.J., and W.G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗
  6. McDonald, M. Shane, Mike McAvoy, and Ajit Bhalerao. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. [DOI ↗]
  7. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
Proprietà strutturali
ParametroValoreUnità
Formula molecolareC5H14ClNO
Massa molare139.62g/mol
Massa esatta139.0763918Da
Massa monoisotopica139.0763918Da
Superficie polare topologica (TPSA)20.2000Ų
Indice di complessità46.5
Donatori di legami a idrogeno1
Accettori di legami a idrogeno2
Legami rotabili2
Atomi pesanti8
Centri stereogenici (atomi)0
Centri stereogenici (legami)0
Numero di conformeri 3D0

Fonte: Proprietà calcolate PubChem, CID 6209

❓ Domande frequenti (5)
What is Choline Chloride?
Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C5H14ClNO and a molecular weight of 139.62 g/mol. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Utile?
What is the CAS number of Choline Chloride?
The CAS number for Choline Chloride is 67-48-1. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Utile?
What is the chemical formula of Choline Chloride?
The molecular formula of Choline Chloride is C5H14ClNO. Its molecular weight is 139.62 g/mol.
Utile?
What is the melting point of Choline Chloride?
The melting point of Choline Chloride is 305.
Utile?
How should Choline Chloride be stored?
Choline Chloride should be stored as its safety data sheet directs — typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Utile?
➕ Suggerisci una domanda
Scarica i file di struttura

File di struttura molecolare dal database PubChem (NIH). Compatibili con i programmi: Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.

Fonte: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 6209

🔄 Convertitore di unità di concentrazione LIVE

Inserisci la concentrazione Choline Chloride in qualsiasi unità — il resto verrà calcolato automaticamente.

MW: 139.62 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formule di conversione + citazioni (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuratezzaSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 fonti autorevoli)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811e2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Strutture molecolari simili

Caricamento di strutture simili...

🧪 Procedura guidata di preparazione della soluzione WIZARD
① Seleziona la concentrazione
② Volume finale
③ Solvente

Calcoli secondo: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chimica computazionale

Descrittori molecolari

ParametroValoreUnità
Superficie polare topologica (TPSA)20.20Ų
bassa polarità, buona penetrazione della barriera emato-encefalica
Indice di complessità46.5
Carica formale0
molecola neutra

Forma e volume

ParametroValoreUnità
Legami rotabili2
Atomi pesanti8

Le interpretazioni della TPSA e la regola di Lipinski sono regole empiriche per farmaci orali a basso peso molecolare (Lipinski 1997, Veber 2002, Kelder 1999). Non costituiscono una valutazione dell'assorbimento né della tossicità di questa sostanza — i dati di sicurezza sono riportati nella scheda di dati di sicurezza.

Fonte: Proprietà calcolate PubChem, CID 6209

🛡️ Sicurezza — CAS 67-48-1
Avviso sulle limitazioni dei dati. Le informazioni sulla sicurezza contenute in questa pagina hanno carattere informativo e non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) completa. Prima di utilizzare il prodotto, consultare la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del produttore e le linee guida GHS/CLP. La classificazione CLP riguarda la sostanza pura bulk, non i preparati commerciali.

Classificazione GHS/CLP — Regolamento (CE) n. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠ Attenzione (Warning)
GHS07 — Irritante / nocivo
GHS07 Irritante / nocivo

🚨 Indicazioni di pericolo (H)

  • H315 — Provoca irritazione cutanea.
  • H319 — Provoca grave irritazione oculare.
  • H335 — Può irritare le vie respiratorie.

🛡 Consigli di prudenza (P)

  • P261 — Evitare di respirare la polvere/i fumi/i gas/la nebbia/i vapori/gli aerosol.

⚠ Classificazione basata sul consenso delle fonti (PubChem / notifiche dei fornitori) — non verificata rispetto alla classificazione armonizzata dell'allegato VI (CLP). L'ambito dei pericoli può essere più ampio della classificazione ufficiale; prima dell'uso verificare con la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del fornitore.

Traduzioni: Regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Allegato III e IV. Dati: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici consolidati — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

Riferimenti raccolti da tutte le schede del Safety Hub. CAS: 67-48-1 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Regulation (EC) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Normative
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Primo soccorso, Tossicologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Primo soccorso, DPI, Tossicologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] DPI
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Smaltimento, Normative
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Stoccaggio
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Stoccaggio
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. Norme nazionali — Polonia [↗] Smaltimento
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Tossicologia

Le schede con riferimenti propri (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contengono ulteriori voci bibliografiche all'interno delle rispettive sezioni.

📈 Statistica analitica (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Incolla una serie di misure replicate (CSV oppure un numero per riga). Il calcolatore calcolerà la media, la deviazione standard e il 95% CI, e rileverà gli outlier (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separatore: virgola, spazio, tab, nuova riga. Min 3 misurazioni.
📐 Formule statistiche
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — media aritmetica
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — varianza campionaria
  • s = √s² — deviazione standard
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — deviazione standard relativa
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test di Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Fonte: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calcolatore di ricette per tamponi UNIQUE
Bibliografia: Valori di pKa da Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Scegli un tampone dall'elenco di 20 sistemi popolari → inserisci il pH target → otterrai una ricetta esatta con le masse da pesare.

Passo 1: Scegli un sistema tampone

📜 Cronologia delle ricette (ultime 10)
Stato farmacologico

Badania kliniczne Faza 3

Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Approvato

Fase III — studi comparativi multicentrici su un'ampia popolazione.

ChEMBL CHEMBL282468 ↗

📅 Project Planner — Gestore degli esperimenti di laboratorio NOVITÀ

Pianifica l'intero progetto di laboratorio: aggiungi esperimenti con reagenti, repliche e durata. Otterrai un diagramma di Gantt, una lista degli acquisti (con link al negozio!), un budget con un margine del 10% e una matrice dei rischi GHS.

🧪 Solubilità e compatibilità con i solventi
Molecola
Choline Chloride
Formula
C₅H₁₄ClNO
logP (XLogP3)
—
Massa (g/mol)
139.62
Polarità
—

⚠️ Stima GC (Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen). Nessun dato HSP di letteratura per questo CAS — precisione ±2 MPa½. Verificare sperimentalmente.

Tabella di compatibilità dei solventi non disponibile per questa sostanza.
I parametri di Hansen sono fuori dall’intervallo del metodo, quindi la distanza Ra non può essere calcolata, e il database non contiene alcuna misura di solubilità da usare al suo posto. Invece di undici valutazioni prive di fondamento, non ne mostriamo nessuna. Basare la scelta del solvente sulla scheda di dati di sicurezza e su dati sperimentali.
📚 Riferimenti scientifici per i solventi (Chicago Author-Date) — clicca per espandere

11 solventi · 54 citazioni complete (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — di seguito.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia periferica (l'n-esano NON è un cancerogeno secondo la IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria della solubilità (applicata nella previsione della compatibilità):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Tripletta HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formula Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solvatochromism.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution for dD/dP/dH from SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Set tabulare completo di 250+ solventi (ε, μ, donicità, numeri di accettore).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 67-48-1 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliografia completa nell'accordion RIFERIMENTI (in fondo alla pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Verifica la compatibilità della reazione
1 0 0
Salute: 1/4
Infiammabilità: 0/4
Reattività: 0/4
Secondo NFPA 704 / calcolato dai codici H

Verifica se Choline Chloride è compatibile con un altro reagente

📦 Matrice di compatibilità di stoccaggio
Acidi Bases Ossidanti Infiammabile Tossico Gazy
Acidi ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Bases ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Ossidanti ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Infiammabile ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Tossico ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Conservabili insieme · ⚠ Attenzione · ✗ NON conservare insieme · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Dati di compatibilità da: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Calcolatori da laboratorio (8)
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarità (M=n/V)
Tampone pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Moli
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatura C↔F↔K

Formule verificate: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Database di spettri spettroscopici
📋 Generatore di protocolli di laboratorio

Protocollo generato sulla base di: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generatore di etichette (QR)
Choline Chloride• Lipotril / Hepacholine• IUPAC: 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium chloride• CAS: 67-48-1• EC: 200-655-4• Formula: C5H14ClNO• Massa: 139.62 g/molATTENZIONEINDICAZIONI DI PERICOLO GHS:(autoclassificazione dei fornitori — non vincolante)P261: Evitare di respirare la polvere/i fumi/i gas/la nebbia/i vapori/gliaerosol.Solo per uso di laboratorio!Nonsensia Ltd124-128 City Road, EC1V 2NX London[email protected]molgod.orgN. lotto: Massa netta:
🧪 Assistente di preparazione della soluzione (Smart Prep)

Inserisci cosa vuoi preparare — genererò una SOP

Esempi qui sotto — clicca per inserire:
Ricette predefinite:
📚 Panoramica della letteratura scientifica — CAS 67-48-1
⭐ Risultati principali (letteratura scientifica) 3 publications
🏆 CAS 67-48-1 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citazioni · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Tribble JR, Wong VHY, Stuart KV et al. (2025) · Cell reports. Medicine
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Farmacologia Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  2. #2
    Wang C, Xie X, Li J et al. (2026) · Nature communications
    Perché è importante: Recente (2026) · open access
    SCORE 7.05 Farmacologia Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  3. #3
    Redeker KM, Brockmöller J (2025) · Biochemical pharmacology
    Perché è importante: Recente (2025) · open access
    SCORE 6.25 Meccanismo Open Access DOI ↗ PubMed ↗

Perché questa pagina è verificabile

Identità

CAS, EC e formula molecolare, risolti nei sistemi di identificativi usati da un acquirente. Viene indicato il numero di sistemi risolti, così vedi quanto è ben caratterizzata questa sostanza invece di presumerlo.

Dati

Ogni valore chimico-fisico riporta la fonte da cui proviene e la data in cui la fonte è stata consultata. Puoi aprirne una qualsiasi.

Classificazione

Letta rispetto alla voce armonizzata, ove esista, con indicazione del numero indice. L’autoclassificazione è mostrata separatamente e contrassegnata.

Normativa

Stato negli inventari, restrizioni, autorizzazione ed elenco delle sostanze candidate, ciascuno indicato singolarmente. Dove uno stato non è accertato, questa pagina lo dice — non afferma mai che non si applicano restrizioni.

Documentazione

Quali documenti esistono, a quale livello di revisione, in quali lingue e quando ciascuno è stato rilasciato.

Fornitore

Chi lo vende e cosa ha pubblicato su di sé.

Nulla in questa pagina è una certificazione. È un record che puoi sottoporre ad audit.

Two guarantees, both with their limits stated

The Gap Report Guarantee

If the available evidence cannot support a defensible document for your CAS number and product specification, we will not invent the missing values. You receive a documented gap report and choose: a refund, store credit, or the report on its own.

A visible gap is worth more than a plausible number, because the plausible number is the one that fails when somebody checks it.

The Re-issue Promise

If a signed card is rejected by an authority or by a customer’s compliance officer on one of the points we checked and reported as passed, we re-issue it corrected at no charge and credit the original fee.

This covers the checks we performed and named. It does not cover registration status, tonnage, or your role in the supply chain — those are not ours to hold, and a guarantee that pretended otherwise would be worth nothing.

Холин хлорид (жидкий) 70% — CAS 67-48-1. Prepared from the supplier’s public catalogue; not verified against their internal data.

📄 Certificati di Analisi (CoA) CAS 67-48-1 nessuno

Nessun certificato per questo prodotto nel database.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Standard di gestione dei lotti e di certificazione di laboratorio — 13 fonti indipendenti (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📜 Brevetti (metadati pubblici) nessun dato

Attualmente non sono stati trovati metadati brevettuali pubblici per questa sostanza in Crossref / OpenAlex. I dati verranno aggiornati automaticamente dopo il prossimo aggiornamento della cache (24h).

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere
  1. Song D, Duncan-Lowey B, Khetrapal V et al.. (2026). "Commensal-derived acetylcholine enhances mucosal immune education.". Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10592-7
  2. Huellner MW, Isenschmid SK, Petranović Ovčariček P et al.. (2026). "Challenges and unmet needs of [(18)F]fluorocholine PET in hyperparathyroidism: A framework for refining current practice and advancing parathyroid imaging.". European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-026-07761-1
  3. Wang C, Xie X, Li J et al.. (2026). "Choline metabolism drives metastasis in BRCA1-deficient ovarian cancers by activating FAM3C.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74652-2
  4. Klein J. (2025). "The Central Cholinergic Synapse: A Primer.". International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199670
  5. Redeker KM, Brockmöller J. (2025). "Diversity of human choline transporters: substrate specificity, kinetic properties, and inhibitor sensitivity.". Biochemical pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117343
  6. Karosas T, Wallace TC, Li M et al.. (2025). "Dietary Choline Intake and Risk of Alzheimer's Dementia in Older Adults.". The Journal of nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.015
  7. Zerback T, Koeder C, Weder S et al.. (2025). "Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B(2), vitamin B(12), vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation in healthy vegans: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.". European journal of nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03814-7
  8. Tribble JR, Wong VHY, Stuart KV et al.. (2025). "Dysfunctional one-carbon metabolism identifies vitamins B(6), B(9), B(12), and choline as neuroprotective in glaucoma.". Cell reports. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102127
  9. Gavira JA, Gilabert MJ, Santamaría-Hernando S et al.. (2025). "Acetylcholine chemotaxis in global bacterial plant pathogens.". Microbiological research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2025.128294
  10. Song Y, Wu X, Song B et al.. (2025). "A choline-sensing regulator coordinates metabolic adaptation and pathogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infections.". Science advances. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz1415
  11. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  12. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  13. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  14. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  15. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  16. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  17. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  18. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  19. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  20. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  21. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  22. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/67-48-1?status=active&limit=10

Dati da PubChemFonte: PubChem (NIH) · ChEMBL
📤 Incorpora questa molecola sul tuo sito

Hai un blog, un forum o un sito scientifico? Incorpora la molecola 3D interattiva nel tuo sito — la vedrà ogni tuo lettore,e sotto trova un link al nostro negozio dove può acquistare il reagente.

🔗 Codice HTML iframe (il più semplice — funziona ovunque)

Copia e incolla nell'editor HTML del tuo sito:

Adatta width e height al tuo layout.

⚙ WordPress Shortcode (per altri negozi con MOL-GOD)

🌐 Link diretto (per email, chat, LinkedIn, Twitter)

LinkedIn Twitter/X Facebook
QR code CAS 67-48-1

📱 QR code (per la stampa su volantini / etichette / cataloghi)

Inseriscilo nel catalogo prodotti, sull'etichetta del flacone o su un volantino. Il cliente lo scansiona — vede la molecola 3D sul telefono, con un link al tuo negozio.

⬇ Scarica PNG

🖼 Open Graph image (per i meta tag dei social media)

Condividendo il link, Facebook/LinkedIn/Discord recupererà automaticamente l'anteprima dell'immagine:

Preview
📋 Licenza: L'embed mantiene un backlink a MolGod (obbligatorio — il negozio è la fonte dei dati). I dati chimici provengono da PubChem (CC0 — pubblico dominio). L'embed è GRATUITO per usi educativi, commerciali e hobbistici.
📚 RIFERIMENTI (Bibliografia complessiva, Chicago Author-Date) 77 elementi

Tutte le fonti scientifiche citate negli accordion sopra per il CAS 67-48-1.Formato: Chicago Manual of Style 17ª ed., sistema Author-Date.

🗄️ Banche dati scientifiche

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 67-48-1. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=67-48-1.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 67-48-1. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 67-48-1. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=67-48-1.

📐 Standard / Linee guida

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Libri

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780471879558.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Articoli scientifici (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Siti web

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  10. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  11. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2022. "ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2022_1130.pdf.
  12. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1996. "ICH Q3A: Impurities in New Drug Substances." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  13. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  14. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  15. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  16. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  17. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
  18. International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
  19. Heckert, N. A., and J. J. Filliben. 2003. "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods." NIST Handbook 151. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.
  20. Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
  21. Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
  22. Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
  23. Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25.
  24. International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/40145.html.
  25. Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855.
  26. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2024. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Applicable as from 1 January 2025 (ECE/TRANS/352). Geneva: UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025-edition.
  27. International Air Transport Association. 2026. Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). 67th ed. Montreal: IATA. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/.
  28. International Maritime Organization. 2024. International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, 2024 Edition (Amendment 42-24). London: IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods-default.aspx.
  29. United Nations. 2025. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations (Orange Book). 24th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.24. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-model-regulations.
  30. International Civil Aviation Organization. 2025. Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284). 2025–2026 ed. Montreal: ICAO. https://www.icao.int/safety/DangerousGoods/Pages/technical-instructions.aspx.
  31. European Commission. 2014. "Commission Decision 2014/955/EU on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC." Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014D0955.
  32. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2020. "Rozporządzenie Ministra Klimatu z dnia 2 stycznia 2020 r. w sprawie katalogu odpadów." Dziennik Ustaw RP 2020 poz. 10. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010. Norme nazionali — Polonia
  33. Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). 2024. "Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — System rejestracji firm utylizacyjnych." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/. Norme nazionali — Polonia
  34. Polska — Sejm RP. 2012. "Ustawa z dnia 14 grudnia 2012 r. o odpadach." Dz.U. 2013 poz. 21 (z późn. zm.). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20130000021. Norme nazionali — Polonia
  35. Furr, A. Keith, ed.. 2000. "CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety." CRC Press.
  36. Pohanish, Richard P.. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." Elsevier.
  37. Lewis, Richard J.. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." Wiley.
  38. NIOSH. 2024. "Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
  39. OSHA. 2024. "Occupational Chemical Database — Hazardous Waste Operations (HAZWOPER)." Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata.
  40. European Parliament and Council. 2008. "Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive)." Official Journal of the European Union L 312/3. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098.
  41. European Parliament and Council. 2009. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures." Official Journal of the European Union L 353. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R1272.
  42. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/standards/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025.
  43. IPCS INCHEM. 2024. "International Programme on Chemical Safety — Waste Management Guidelines." WHO/UNEP/ILO. https://www.inchem.org/.
  44. European Parliament and Council. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste." Official Journal of the European Union L 190: 1–98. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006R1013.
  45. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q7%20Guideline.pdf.
  46. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  47. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/trs957-annex3.
  48. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  49. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  50. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q6A%20Guideline.pdf.
  51. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q10%20Guideline.pdf.
  52. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-211.
  53. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-process-validation-finished-products-information-data-be-provided-regulatory-submissions-revision-1_en.pdf.
  54. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  55. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  56. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. https://picscheme.org/en/publications.
  57. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. https://ipecamericas.org/sites/default/files/IPECPQGGMPGuide2017.pdf.
📥 Scarica BibTeX📥 Scarica RISImportazione in Zotero/Mendeley/EndNote/Papers.
📜 Licenza e provenienzaPREDICTED MODEL · NOT VERIFIED
PREDICTED MODEL — NOT VERIFIED
computed by MolGod Scientific · experimental feature (beta) · may contain errors
ILLUSTRATIVE FRAGMENT ARRANGEMENT — relative positions are not structural data

No source 3-D conformer was available to MolGod for this substance. MolGod Scientific computed this geometry from the structural formula with RDKit 2026.03.6 (ETKDGv3 conformer generation, MMFF94 force-field optimisation; lowest-energy converged conformer of a fixed-seed set). It is not a measured structure, it does not come from PubChem, and it has not been compared with experimental data. It shows one possible conformation.

This substance consists of 2 separate components (for example ions). Each component was computed separately; they are arranged radially around a layout anchor for visualisation only (at least 3.0 Å apart). Their relative positions are not a crystal structure, coordination geometry, ionic contacts or any experimentally determined arrangement.

Methods and references
  1. RDKit: Open-source cheminformatics, version 2026.03.6. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.22140358 (all versions: doi:10.5281/zenodo.591637)
  2. Riniker S, Landrum GA. Better Informed Distance Geometry: Using What We Know To Improve Conformation Generation. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2015, 55, 2562-2574. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00654
  3. Wang S, Witek J, Landrum GA, Riniker S. Improving Conformer Generation for Small Rings and Macrocycles Based on Distance Geometry and Experimental Torsional-Angle Preferences. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2020, 60, 2044-2058. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00025
  4. Halgren TA. Merck molecular force field. I. Basis, form, scope, parameterization, and performance of MMFF94. J. Comput. Chem. 1996, 17, 490-519. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-987X(199604)17:5/6<490::AID-JCC1>3.0.CO;2-P
  5. Tosco P, Stiefl N, Landrum G. Bringing the MMFF force field to the RDKit: implementation and validation. J. Cheminform. 2014, 6, 37. doi:10.1186/s13321-014-0037-3
  6. Heller SR, McNaught A, Pletnev I, Stein S, Tchekhovskoi D. InChI, the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier. J. Cheminform. 2015, 7, 23. doi:10.1186/s13321-015-0068-4
  7. Kim S, Chen J, Cheng T, et al. PubChem 2025 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025, 53, D1516-D1525. doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1059 Compound record: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6209
Modello
Choline Chloride · 67-48-1
InChIKey
SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Licenza
CC BY-SA 4.0 International (diritti sulla fonte indeterminati — non ancora concessa)
Attribuzione
MolGod Scientific — Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1)
Scheda di licenza e provenienza
Choline Chloride (CAS 67-48-1) →
Scheda molecolare MolGod
Choline Chloride →
Dati di origine
PubChem CID 6209 ↗
Informazioni sul modello
STL generato da MolGod · MolGod STL Exporter build 59d3f622957e · generato il 2026-10-08
SHA-256 (STL)
6ef39e92f80eda3ebf8974a9209e6d301894c31ce9398c960ae070cbbadf264f
MD5 (STL)
a01110b15403b0531b9057606648b9bf
Identificativo del modello
MG-STL-67-48-1
Trasformazione
Mesh a sfere e bastoncini MolGod Scientific
Modifiche
PREDICTED geometry computed by MolGod Scientific (RDKit), NOT verified; rendered as a triangulated mesh.
Wikimedia Commons
non ancora pubblicato
Modello di molecola gratuito da stampare
Scarica il modello, stampalo e usalo nella didattica. Quando pubblichi una foto, un materiale o un adattamento, la licenza CC BY-SA 4.0 International richiede di indicare “MolGod Scientific” come autore del modello, inserire un link all’originale e al testo della licenza, segnalare le modifiche apportate e condividere gli adattamenti con la stessa licenza. Un testo di attribuzione pronto all’uso si trova in questa sezione. Nessuna registrazione, nessun costo e nessun obbligo di recensione.

Questa licenza si applica alla mesh STL creata da MolGod, non automaticamente al materiale di origine di terzi.