toluene (CAS 108-88-3) — Safety Data Sheet, CAS 108-88-3 — chemical product label

toluene (CAS 108-88-3) — Safety Data Sheet

We already hold the harmonised entry for this substance.

  • CAS: 108-88-3
  • Annex VI index number: 601-021-00-3
  • 6 hazard classes: Flam. Liq. 2, Repr. 2, Asp. Tox. 1, STOT SE 3, STOT RE 2 *, Skin Irrit. 2
  • Hazard statements: H225, H361d, H304, H336, H373, H315

We have not issued a safety data sheet for it yet.

Get the full details for CAS 108-88-3

Sixteen sections in the structure of REACH Annex II, the harmonised classification, and the source behind every value — issued in one language you choose.

A sheet that fails inspection stops the shipment, not the paperwork.

Tell us where to send it. We reply within one working day.

We reply within one working day.

Working draft €49.99 · expert-reviewed €249.99, per substance.

We are not issuing this sheet yet.

Our engine could not build a document for this substance that meets our own completeness threshold, so it is held for review rather than published. We would rather tell you that than sell you a sheet we do not stand behind.

Leave your details and we will tell you when it is ready, or what we can issue in the meantime.

Get the full details for CAS 108-88-3

Sixteen sections in the structure of REACH Annex II, the harmonised classification, and the source behind every value — issued in one language you choose.

A sheet that fails inspection stops the shipment, not the paperwork.

Tell us where to send it. We reply within one working day.

We reply within one working day.

Working draft €49.99 · expert-reviewed €249.99, per substance.

See a finished document firstFull price list →

What is in the buyer pack

Everything your compliance officer will ask for, in one file.

  • The product page as PDF — the record as published, so what you forward matches what you read.
  • The safety data sheet at your entitlement level — sixteen sections in the order set by REACH Annex II, for this substance, in the language you select.
  • The CLP label artwork — generated from the same classification as the sheet, so the two cannot disagree.
  • The specification, and the certificate of analysis where batch data exists.
  • sources.txt — every citation with the date it was read.
  • An explicit list of what we could not establish — fields marked unavailable rather than filled with an estimate. This is the honest part of the document and we do not hide it in a footnote.

Your European buyer is going to forward this to somebody who was not on the call. The pack exists so that what they forward is complete, self-explanatory and traceable — rather than four attachments and a sentence beginning “I think this is everything”.

These switch the language of this page. Single substances. Mixtures on enquiry. One document, one language — additional languages are priced separately. Every version, including the Chinese one, is written to EU law — (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II and (EU) 2020/878 — and translated from it. The Chinese version is a reference translation, not a legally valid document for the Chinese market: an SDS for China must be compiled separately to GB/T 16483 and GB/T 17519.

🧬 3D分子可视化器
正在加载分子...
3D模型Toluen，CAS 108-88-3，分子式C₇H₈, 摩尔质量 92.14 g/mol

数据转录自法规登记册和专业文献，并注明来源与版本。不能替代供应商的安全数据表。未记录来源的字段已作相应标注。

📊 物理化学数据 — CAS 108-88-3
📊 物理化学性质

快速参考

化学式： C₇H₈
分子量： 92.14 g/mol
CAS号： 108-88-3

详细性质

Uzupełnienie tabeli „Physicochemical properties (baza danych)” poniżej — powtórzone wartości pokazujemy tylko raz.

属性 值 单位 条件 来源
折射率（nD） 1.4961 20 °C, D-line Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987)
🔬 高级属性

化学标识符

SMILES: Cc1ccccc1

数据来源： Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987) (ISBN 9780070517998)

最后更新： 2026-09-04

化学概述: Toluen
分子式C₇H₈
分子量92.14 g/mol
熔点-94.95 °C
沸点110.63 °C (760 mmHg)
密度0.8669 g/cm³
LogP（亲脂性）2.73
SMILESCc1ccccc1

同义词: Toluene · Methylbenzene

数据来源： PubChem (NLM/NIH), Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987)
最后更新： 2026-09-04

物质监管状态
该物质受监管要求约束： 危险废物管理（BDO登记册）; 危险货物运输（ADR/RID/IMDG）; 前体/精神药物（GIS登记册）. 详细信息请参见“法规状态（REACH/ECHA/CLP）”章节及安全数据表。 监管信息——不限制在本店购买。
🧮 化学计量计算器
🧪 化学数据
CAS号
108-88-3
分子式
C₇H₈
摩尔质量
92.14 g/mol
SMILES
Cc1ccccc1
📚 Related literature (4 产品)

Matched automatically from public bibliographic databases by text similarity. Not curated for this substance, and not part of the safety data sheet.

Lesa L. Aylward, Hugh A. Barton, Sean M. Hays · (2008) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Hansen Bjorn gaarn, Munn Sharon j., S Pakalin et al. · (2002) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission)
筛选：
排序：
📈 出版时间线
0
1990
2002
2008
📡 Data sources

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical properties
Density
0.8669 g/cm³ @ 20°C

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: 2026-09-04

🔍 外部标识符
14 / 16个ID系统88%
数据库标识符操作
CAS Registry Number108-88-3打开 →
PubChem CID1140[1]打开 →
InChIKeyYXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]打开 →
InChIInChI=1S/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3[1]
SMILESCc1ccccc1[1]
EC Number203-625-9[2]打开 →
DrugBankDB11558打开 →
KEGG CompoundC01455打开 →
HMDBHMDB0034168打开 →
ChemSpider1108[3]打开 →
MeSH UID (NLM)D014050打开 →
UNII (FDA)3FPU23BG52打开 →
NSC Number (NCI)406333打开 →
WikiData QIDQ15779打开 →

来源：PubChem (NIH)、Wikidata SPARQL、KEGG、ChEMBL (EBI)、CompTox CTX (EPA)。

📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式） (3 来源)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ applies to: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ applies to: EC Number
  3. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ applies to: ChemSpider

Further reading

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value shown on this card.

扩展参考文献 (7)

  1. ★★★★☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 付费墙（可能） ✓ 已验证 Win-Shwe, T.T.; Fujimaki, H.. 2014. "Neurotoxicity of toluene." Toxicology Letters. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-25]
  2. ★★★★☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 付费墙（可能） ✓ 已验证 Olah, G.A.; Molnár, Á.. 2005. "Hydrocarbon Chemistry — toluene reactions chapter." Wiley. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-25]
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Cheng, Lan, Zhang, Qinyan, Jiang, Kai. 2025. "Highly sensitive temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber with all-filled toluene." Journal of Optics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-025-02659-x. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-25] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Toluene Tolerated Li9.88GeP1.96Sb0.04S11.88Cl0.12 Solid Electrolyte toward Ultrathin Membranes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04140.s001. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-25] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Specification for Toluene for Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Feedstock.". https://doi.org/10.1520/d5606-01r06e01. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-25] CC0 (metadata)
  6. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Specification for Toluene for Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Feedstock.". https://doi.org/10.1520/d5606-24. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-25] CC0 (metadata)
  7. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 开放 ❓ 未验证 Anonymous. "Specification for Toluene for Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Feedstock.". https://doi.org/10.1520/d5606-17. 链接 [访问日期: 2026-09-25] CC0 (metadata)
📡 光谱学 — CAS 108-88-3
📊 光谱数据库 — 内联数据 9 来源

光谱按需从9个来源获取。每个光谱都存储在我们的数据库中 — 下次打开时无需向外部API发出请求。无需搜索即可为每个光谱下载JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG。

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ 点击加载光谱
🔗 来源
— 点
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ 点击加载光谱
🔗 来源
— 点
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ 点击加载光谱
🔗 来源
— 点
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
CC-BY-SA 4.0
▶ 点击加载光谱
🔗 来源
— 点
📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ 点击加载光谱
🔗 来源
— 点
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

参考来源 — 无公共API。在外部数据库中打开：

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

参考来源 — 无公共API。在外部数据库中打开：

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

参考来源 — 无公共API。在外部数据库中打开：

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

参考来源 — 无公共API。在外部数据库中打开：

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

数据仅获取一次（JCAMP-DX 解析器），并保存在插件的本地数据库中。不重复下载，再次打开时不查询 NIST。遵守许可（仅发布深层链接和自有可视化）。

🔬 交互式光谱（实时 — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS） (2)

数据从多个来源实时获取（优先级链）。每个光谱下可下载JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG。 ⓘ 单一来源 ★★☆☆☆ ⓘ 单一来源 ★★☆☆☆

IR — 傅里叶变换红外光谱

正在加载 IR — 傅里叶变换红外光谱…

MS — 质谱（EI 70eV）

正在加载 MS — 质谱（EI 70eV）…

结构性质

正在加载结构数据...

❓ 常见问题 (3)
What is 108-88-3?
108-88-3 (CAS 108-88-3) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
有帮助吗？
What is the CAS number of 108-88-3?
The CAS number for 108-88-3 is 108-88-3. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
有帮助吗？
How should 108-88-3 be stored?
108-88-3 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
有帮助吗？
➕ 建议问题
下载结构文件

来自PubChem数据库（NIH）的分子结构文件。兼容Avogadro、PyMOL、Jmol和ChemDraw等程序。

来源：PubChem，美国国家医学图书馆（NIH）。 CID: 1140

🔄 浓度单位转换器 实时

输入Toluen浓度（任意单位），其余将自动计算。

分子量： 92.14 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ 转换公式及引用（每个公式）
转换分子式准确度来源
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 参考文献（8个权威来源）
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
相似分子结构

正在加载相似结构...

🧪 溶液制备向导 WIZARD
① 选择浓度
② 目标体积
③ 溶剂

计算依据： IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

计算化学

正在加载计算数据...

🔬 纯度检查指南 质量控制

使用标准化分析方法验证试剂纯度。选择下方的测试方法并输入您的测量结果，系统将自动计算。

🛡️ 安全 — CAS 108-88-3
数据限制说明。 本页安全信息仅供参考，不能替代完整的安全数据表（SDS）。使用产品前，请查阅制造商当前的安全数据表以及GHS/CLP指南。CLP分类适用于纯散装物质，不适用于商业制剂。

GHS/CLP分类——(EC) No 1272/2008法规 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021)。

⚠️ 危险 (Danger)
GHS02 — 易燃
GHS02 易燃
GHS07 — 刺激性/有害
GHS07 刺激性/有害
GHS08 — 健康危害
GHS08 健康危害

🚨 危险说明（H）

  • H225 — 高度易燃液体和蒸气
  • H361d — 怀疑对胎儿造成伤害
  • H304 — 吞咽并进入呼吸道可能致命
  • H336 — 可引起昏睡或眩晕
  • H373 — 长期或反复接触可能对器官造成伤害(说明已知的所有受影响器官) (说明接触途径――如已确证无其他接触途径造成这一危害)
  • H315 — 造成皮肤刺激

🛡 防范说明（P）

  • P201 — 使用前取得专用说明。
  • P210 — 远离热源、热表面、火花、明火和其他点火源。禁止吸烟。
  • P261 — 避免吸入粉尘/烟/气体/气雾/蒸气/喷雾。
  • P280 — 戴防护手套/穿防护服/戴防护眼罩/戴防护面具/戴听力保护装置……

✓ 根据CLP法规(EC) 1272/2008附件VI的统一分类（官方、具有约束力的分类）。 索引号：601-021-00-3。

参考文献（芝加哥格式）： European Chemicals Agency. "toluene, Index No. 601-021-00-3." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

⚠ IARC — 组 3: 对人类致癌性无法分类（经IARC评估）. (IARC/WHO对致癌性证据的独立评估 — 补充上述CLP分类。)
参考文献（芝加哥格式）： IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-88-3. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.
来自本地MOL-GOD列表（快照）的分类 — 未与当前IARC列表核实。 验证

翻译：CLP 法规 (EC) 1272/2008，附件 III 和 IV。数据：PubChem/NLM。

📚 综合科学参考文献 — Chicago Author-Date 10 来源

从所有Safety Hub选项卡收集的参考文献。CAS号： 108-88-3 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Regulation (EC) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS，法规
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia

具有自身参考文献的选项卡（紧急情况、个人防护装备、储存、废物）在其各自章节中包含额外的书目条目。

📈 分析统计（t检验·RSD·Grubbs·Q-Dixon） ICH Q2

粘贴一系列重复测量结果（CSV或每行一个数字）。计算器将计算平均值、标准差和95%置信区间，并检测异常值（Grubbs + Dixon Q）。

分隔符：逗号、空格、制表符、换行。至少3个测量值。
📐 统计公式
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — 算术平均值
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — 样本方差
  • s = √s² — 标准差
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — 相对标准差
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs检验
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

来源：ICH Q2(R2) 分析方法验证 · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 缓冲液配方计算器 唯一
参考文献： pKa值来自 Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

从 20 种常用缓冲体系列表中选择 → 输入目标 pH → 获得精确配方，包括称量质量。

步骤 1：选择缓冲体系

📜 配方历史记录（最近 10 条）
🚚 运输分类（ADR / IATA / IMDG） UN 1294
UN编号
UN 1294
Toluene
Flammable
来源: ADR 2025 Tabela A (adr_dangerous_goods.json)

🛣️ ADR 公路运输

类别:
3
包装组:
II
运输名称:
Toluene
隧道代码:
(D/E)
Limited Quantity (L):
1
Excepted Quantity:
E2

✈️ IATA 航空运输

类别:
3
包装说明:
353 / 364
最大数量（PAX）:
5 L
最大数量 (CAO):
60 L

🚢 IMDG 海运

类别:
3
EmS Code:
F-E, S-D

来源： ADR 2025 ↗ · IATA DGR ↗ · IMDG Code ↗

📅 项目规划器——实验室实验管理器 新品

规划您的整个实验室项目：添加实验（含试剂、重复次数和持续时间）。您将获得甘特图、购物清单（含商店链接！）、预算（含10%余量）和GHS风险矩阵。

🧪 溶解性和溶剂兼容性
分子
Toluen
分子式
C₇H₈
logP (XLogP3)
2.73
摩尔质量（g/mol）
92.14
极性
疏水性（非极性）

⚠️ HSP估算（文献/基团贡献法）。指示性数据——不能替代实验研究。

Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 7.5.

溶剂 兼容性 Ra 可视化 GC-MS HPLC 应用 参考文献
Water (H₂O)0.526 g/L (pomiar)43.2
✗ NoA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)− 差19.4
✗ NoA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)− 差23.8
✗ NoA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetone− 差11.4
✗ NoB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)− 差17.9
✗ NoB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO− 差17.1
✗ NoN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF~ 平均7.8
✗ NoB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)+ 良好6.4
✓ YesB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)+ 良好4.1
✓ YesN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane+ 良好6.7
✓ YesA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene+ 良好0.0
✓ YesB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 溶剂科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式）——点击展开

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia obwodowa (n-Heksan NIE jest kancerogenem IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
溶解性理论（应用于相容性预测）：
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP三元组（dD, dP, dH）+ Ra公式。
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — 250+溶剂的完整表格数据集（ε、μ、供体数、受体数）。
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 108-88-3 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

完整参考文献位于页面底部的参考文献折叠面板——芝加哥格式手册第17版作者-日期格式。

⚗️ 检查反应兼容性

检查Toluen是否与另一种试剂兼容

📦 储存兼容性矩阵
酸类 碱 氧化剂 易燃 毒性 Gazy
酸类 ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
碱 ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
氧化剂 ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
易燃 ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
毒性 ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ 可一起储存 · ⚠ 谨慎 · ✗ 禁止一起储存 · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

兼容性数据来源： Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 实验室计算器（8个）
稀释（C₁V₁=C₂V₂）
摩尔浓度（M=n/V）
pH缓冲液（Henderson-Hasselbalch）
Beer-Lambert（A=εcl）
质量→摩尔
浓度%→M
ppm→mg/L
温度 C↔F↔K

已验证的配方： IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 光谱数据库
📋 实验室方案生成器

方案基于以下内容生成： GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ 标签生成器（QR码）
甲苯• Toluene / Methylbenzene• CAS: 108-88-3• EC: 203-625-9• 分子式: C7H8• 摩尔质量: 92.14 g/mol危险GHS危险说明：H225 H304 H315 H336 H361d H373P280 P201 P210 P261仅供实验室使用！Nonsensia Ltd124-128 City Road, EC1V 2NX London[email protected]molgod.org批号: 净含量:
Deskryptory Lipinskiego (struktura)
正在加载ADMET预测…
⏳ 稳定性与保质期顾问 Arrhenius
方法： Arrhenius equation k = A·exp(-Ea/RT). 引用： Connors KA et al. 1986 · ICH Q1A(R2)

输入储存条件 → Arrhenius算法将预测剩余浓度、半衰期和使用建议。

视觉降解迹象：
❄️ 储存建议
Temperature:
15-25°C
Light:
Ambient
Container:
HDPE/glass
Incompatible:
Strong oxidizers
🧪 溶液配制助手（Smart Prep）

输入您要制备的内容——我将生成SOP

示例如下——点击插入：
预设配方：
📚 科学文献概览 — CAS 108-88-3
⭐ 关键发现（科学文献） 6 出版物
🏆 CAS 108-88-3 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30%引用·20%近期性·20%主题·15%历史·15%开放获取.
  1. #1
    Friedel, C.; Crafts, J.M. (review) (1979) · Organic Reactions
    重要性： 必引文献（经典） · wysoki impact (1480 citations)
    SCORE 11.76 机制 MUST-CITE Citations: 1480 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Win-Shwe, T.T.; Fujimaki, H. (2014) · Toxicology Letters
    重要性： 必引文献（经典） · 260 citations · 综述
    SCORE 8.45 综述 MUST-CITE Citations: 260 DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Olah, G.A.; Molnár, Á. (2005) · Wiley
    重要性： 必引文献（经典） · 340 citations
    SCORE 8.4 机制 MUST-CITE Citations: 340 DOI ↗
  4. #4
    Cesar, R.; Loureiro, C.; Maia, R. (2010) · Catalysis Reviews
    重要性： 必引文献（经典） · 140 citations
    SCORE 8.05 工业 MUST-CITE Citations: 140 DOI ↗
  5. #5
    Filley, C.M.; Halliday, W.; Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.K. (2007) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
    重要性： 必引文献（经典） · 380 citations
    SCORE 7.74 药理学 MUST-CITE Citations: 380 DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Brugnone, F.; Perbellini, L.; Romeo, L.; Bianchin, M.; Tonello, A. (1991) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
    重要性： 必引文献（经典） · 120 citations
    SCORE 6.25 药理学 MUST-CITE Citations: 120 DOI ↗

Why this page can be checked

Identity

CAS, EC and molecular formula, resolved across the identifier systems a buyer uses. The count of systems resolved is shown, so you can see how well characterised this substance is rather than assuming.

Data

Every physicochemical value carries the source it came from and the date that source was read. Open any of them.

Classification

Read against the harmonised entry where one exists, with the index number stated. Self-classification is shown separately and labelled.

Regulatory

Inventory, restriction, authorisation and candidate-list status, each stated individually. Where a status is not established, this page says so — it never says no restrictions apply.

Documentation

Which documents exist, at what review level, in which languages, and when each was issued.

Supplier

Who is selling this, and what they have published about themselves.

Nothing on this page is a certification. It is a record you can audit.

Two guarantees, both with their limits stated

The Gap Report Guarantee

If the available evidence cannot support a defensible document for your CAS number and product specification, we will not invent the missing values. You receive a documented gap report and choose: a refund, store credit, or the report on its own.

A visible gap is worth more than a plausible number, because the plausible number is the one that fails when somebody checks it.

The Re-issue Promise

If a signed card is rejected by an authority or by a customer’s compliance officer on one of the points we checked and reported as passed, we re-issue it corrected at no charge and credit the original fee.

This covers the checks we performed and named. It does not cover registration status, tonnage, or your role in the supply chain — those are not ours to hold, and a guarantee that pretended otherwise would be worth nothing.

📄 分析证书（CoA） CAS 108-88-3 无

数据库中无此产品的证书。

📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式）——点击展开

批次管理与实验室认证标准——13个独立来源（ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG）。

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [链接 ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [链接 ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [链接 ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [链接 ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [链接 ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [链接 ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [链接 ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [链接 ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [链接 ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [链接 ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [链接 ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [链接 ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [链接 ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📈 UV-VIS光谱预测器（200-400 nm） λmax 261 nm
0%25%50%75%100%200250300350400261 nmA = ε·c·lA / Aₘₐₓ (%)
化合物Toluene
λmax261 nm
λmin250 nm
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)225
溶剂（查询）water
溶剂（参比）cyclohexane
浓度（M）1e-4
光程（cm）1
曲线半峰宽22 nm

模型：以 λmax 为中心的高斯曲线，按比尔-朗伯定律 A = ε · c · l 缩放。透射率 T = 10^(-A) · 100%。

📚 科学参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式）
  1. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2023. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI]
  2. Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., Samir Pahlow, and Jürgen Popp. 2020. "The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure." ChemPhysChem 21 (18): 2029-2046. [DOI]
  3. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  4. Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803224-4.
  5. Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-96582-6.
  6. Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
  7. Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-88992-9.
  8. Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2032-9.
  9. Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-711559-0.
  10. Sadek, Paul C. 2002. The HPLC Solvent Guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-41242-2.
  11. Banwell, Colin N., and Elaine M. McCash. 1994. "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy." 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-707976-1.
  12. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77479-9.
  13. Fieser, Louis F. 1949. "Extension of Woodward's Rules for Prediction of Conjugated Diene Absorption." Journal of the American Chemical Society 71 (5): 1854-1857. [DOI]
  14. Woodward, Robert B. 1942. "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1): 72-75. [DOI]
  15. Beer, August. 1852. "Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten." Annalen der Physik und Chemie 86: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18521620505.
  16. Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1760. Photometria. Augsburg: Sumptibus Vidae.
🔍 独立来源确认 SINGLE λmax = 276 nm (1 来源, ±5 nm)
  • 🗃️ database Kim, Sunghwan, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac956. UV spectrum data for CAS 108-88-3 sourced from Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). PubChem CID: 1140. Accessed 2026. λ=276 nm
  • 🔬 peer-reviewed Khan, Sulaiman, Newport, David, Le Calvé, Stéphane. 2019. "Development of a Toluene Detector Based on Deep UV Absorption Spectrophotometry Using Glass and Aluminum Capillary Tube Gas Cells with a LED Source." Micromachines 10 (3): 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10030193. [DOI]
  • 📚 textbook Anonymous. 1989. "Some Applications of Uv and Vis Spectrophotometry." Studies in Analytical Chemistry: 260-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-98882-9.50012-8. [DOI]
  • 📚 textbook Anonymous. 1989. "Basis of Spectrophotometry in the Uv and Vis Regions." Studies in Analytical Chemistry: 13-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-98882-9.50005-0. [DOI]

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/spectra/uv-vis/108-88-3?solvent=water&path_length_cm=1

☣️ 急性毒性（LD50 / LC50） GHS危险类别5——非常低
LD50
5000 mg/kg[1][2]
Gatunek / droga
Rat / doustnie
Klasyfikacja
Slightly toxic[3][4]
Skala GHS (Acute Toxicity, oral, mg/kg bw):
Cat 1 (≤5)
Cat 2 (5–50)
Cat 3 (50–300)
Cat 4 (300–2000)
Cat 5 (2000–5000)

来源： RTECS XS5250000; U.S. EPA IRIS Toluene 2005 (2005). CAS 108-88-3.

LD50/LC50数据仅供参考；不能替代安全数据表（SDS）或毒理学专家评估。经口途径的GHS分类（mg/kg bw）依据UN GHS第10修订版（2023）附件1 §3.1.1。

参考文献（芝加哥格式）
  1. NIOSH. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). Cincinnati: NIOSH.
  2. U.S. EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  3. United Nations. 2023. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)." 10th rev. ed. New York: UN.
  4. Hodge, Harold C., and James H. Sterner. 1949. "Tabulation of toxicity classes." American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly 10 (4): 93-96.
Dalsze źródła (metodyka, nie cytowane bezpośrednio):
  • U.S. EPA. 2024. "ChemView." https://chemview.epa.gov/.
  • Lipnick, Robert L., et al. 1995. "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures." Food and Chemical Toxicology 33 (3): 223-231.
  • ATSDR. 2024. "Toxicological Profiles." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press.
  • Lewis, Richard J. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." 12th ed. Wiley.
  • IARC. 2024. "Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans." International Agency for Research on Cancer (per kryteria klasyfikacji rakotwórczości IARC Group 1/2A/2B).
  • Pohanish, Richard P. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." 7th ed. Elsevier.
  • Bingham, Eula, Barbara Cohrssen, and Charles H. Powell, eds. 2012. "Patty's Toxicology." 6th ed. Wiley.
  • WHO. 2023. "Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard." World Health Organization (zgodne z UN GHS Annex 1 §3.1.1).
📜 专利（公开元数据） 无数据

目前未在Crossref/OpenAlex中找到该物质的公开专利元数据。数据将在下次缓存刷新（24小时）后自动更新。

📚 参考文献（芝加哥作者-日期格式）——点击展开
  1. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  2. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  3. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  4. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  5. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  6. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  7. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  8. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  9. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  10. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  11. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  12. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/108-88-3?status=active&limit=10

数据来自PubChem来源： PubChem (NIH)
📤 将此分子嵌入您的网站

有博客、论坛或科学网站吗？ 将交互式3D分子嵌入到您的网站上——每位读者都能看到它，下方还有指向我们商店的链接，他们可以在那里购买试剂。

🔗 HTML iframe代码 （最简单——随处可用）

复制并粘贴到您网站的HTML编辑器中：

根据您的布局调整 width 和 height。

⚙ WordPress Shortcode （适用于其他使用MOL-GOD的商店）

🌐 直接链接 （用于电子邮件、聊天、LinkedIn、Twitter）

LinkedIn Twitter/X Facebook
QR code CAS 108-88-3

📱 QR code （用于印刷在传单/标签/目录上）

将其放置在产品目录、瓶标或传单上。客户扫描后，即可在手机上看到3D分子，并附有指向您商店的链接。

⬇ 下载PNG

🖼 Open Graph image （用于社交媒体元标签）

分享链接时，Facebook/LinkedIn/Discord会自动获取图像预览：

Preview
📋 许可证： 嵌入内容保留反向链接至 MolGod （必需——商店是数据来源）。 化学数据来源于 PubChem (CC0 — 公共领域). 嵌入内容免费用于教育、商业和业余用途。
📚 参考文献（综合书目，芝加哥作者-日期格式） 79 条目

以上折叠面板中针对CAS号108-88-3引用的所有科学来源。格式： 《芝加哥格式手册》第17版，作者-日期系统.

🗄️ 科学数据库

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 108-88-3. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=108-88-3.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 108-88-3. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 108-88-3. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=108-88-3.

📐 标准/指南

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 书籍

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📘 专著

  1. IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 108-88-3. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.

📄 科学文章（同行评审）

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 网站

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. ECHA — Zalacznik VI do CLP (klasyfikacja zharmonizowana, ATP 23; 2026-07-07) https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  12. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2022. "ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2022_1130.pdf.
  13. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1996. "ICH Q3A: Impurities in New Drug Substances." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  14. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  15. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  16. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  17. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  18. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
  19. International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
  20. Heckert, N. A., and J. J. Filliben. 2003. "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods." NIST Handbook 151. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.
  21. Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
  22. Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
  23. Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
  24. Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25.
  25. International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/40145.html.
  26. Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855.
  27. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2024. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Applicable as from 1 January 2025 (ECE/TRANS/352). Geneva: UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025-edition.
  28. International Air Transport Association. 2026. Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). 67th ed. Montreal: IATA. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/.
  29. International Maritime Organization. 2024. International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, 2024 Edition (Amendment 42-24). London: IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods-default.aspx.
  30. United Nations. 2025. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations (Orange Book). 24th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.24. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-model-regulations.
  31. International Civil Aviation Organization. 2025. Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284). 2025–2026 ed. Montreal: ICAO. https://www.icao.int/safety/DangerousGoods/Pages/technical-instructions.aspx.
  32. European Commission. 2014. "Commission Decision 2014/955/EU on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC." Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014D0955.
  33. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2020. "Rozporządzenie Ministra Klimatu z dnia 2 stycznia 2020 r. w sprawie katalogu odpadów." Dziennik Ustaw RP 2020 poz. 10. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010.
  34. Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). 2024. "Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — System rejestracji firm utylizacyjnych." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/.
  35. Polska — Sejm RP. 2012. "Ustawa z dnia 14 grudnia 2012 r. o odpadach." Dz.U. 2013 poz. 21 (z późn. zm.). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20130000021.
  36. Furr, A. Keith, ed.. 2000. "CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety." CRC Press.
  37. Pohanish, Richard P.. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." Elsevier.
  38. Lewis, Richard J.. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." Wiley.
  39. NIOSH. 2024. "Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
  40. OSHA. 2024. "Occupational Chemical Database — Hazardous Waste Operations (HAZWOPER)." Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata.
  41. European Parliament and Council. 2008. "Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive)." Official Journal of the European Union L 312/3. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098.
  42. European Parliament and Council. 2009. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures." Official Journal of the European Union L 353. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R1272.
  43. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/standards/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025.
  44. IPCS INCHEM. 2024. "International Programme on Chemical Safety — Waste Management Guidelines." WHO/UNEP/ILO. https://www.inchem.org/.
  45. European Parliament and Council. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste." Official Journal of the European Union L 190: 1–98. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006R1013.
  46. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q7%20Guideline.pdf.
  47. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  48. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/trs957-annex3.
  49. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  50. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  51. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q6A%20Guideline.pdf.
  52. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q10%20Guideline.pdf.
  53. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-211.
  54. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-process-validation-finished-products-information-data-be-provided-regulatory-submissions-revision-1_en.pdf.
  55. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  56. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  57. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. https://picscheme.org/en/publications.
  58. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. https://ipecamericas.org/sites/default/files/IPECPQGGMPGuide2017.pdf.
📥 下载BibTeX📥 下载RIS导入到Zotero/Mendeley/EndNote/Papers。
📜 许可与来源
模型
toluene · 108-88-3
许可协议
CC BY 4.0 International (来源权利 未确定 — 尚未授予)
署名
MolGod Scientific
许可与来源记录
toluene (CAS 108-88-3) →
MolGod 分子记录
toluene →
源数据
PubChem CID 1140 ↗
SHA-256 (STL)
263b81c15faf534f3f16dedfab1560fdc5d1ffacb39f4a1ec5f69df23e2bbbb0
Wikimedia Commons
尚未发布

本许可适用于 MolGod 创建的 STL 网格，不自动适用于第三方源材料。