benzene-CAS-71-43-2-—-Safety-Data-Sheet CAS_NUMBER 71-43-2 (it_IT)

benzene (CAS 71-43-2) — Safety Data Sheet

EU · REACH Annex XIVEU · SVHCUS · TSCAUK · SVHCCA · DSL (toxic)AU · AICSMolGod Score: Primario

Safety data sheet documentation for benzene (CAS 71-43-2), compiled to REACH Annex II with classification read against the harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI (H225, H350, H340, H304). Two options: a working draft sent by e-mail immediately, or a signed card issued within 72 hours of complete input. The item supplied is a document — MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.

Free, and generated automatically from the sources listed on this page. No person has reviewed it, and it describes the substance in general — not your material, your process or your intended market.

REACH 2020/878
v5 · 07.09.2026
Scarica la scheda di dati di sicurezza (PDF)CAS 71-43-2 · PDF · 252 KBBozza di lavoro — non ancora revisionata né approvata.

Sezione 9 — proprietà chimico-fisiche: 14 su 22 stabilite.

Mostriamo ciò che è accertato e indichiamo ciò che non lo è. Classificazione e identità sono complete su ogni scheda; è nella sezione 9 che i dati pubblici sono scarsi.

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Cosa contiene il pacchetto per l’acquirente

Tutto ciò che il tuo responsabile della conformità chiederà, in un unico file.

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SKU: SDS-71-43-2 Category: Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Questi cambiano la lingua di questa pagina. Single substances. Mixtures on enquiry. One document, one language — additional languages are priced separately. Every version, including the Chinese one, is written to EU law — (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II and (EU) 2020/878 — and translated from it. The Chinese version is a reference translation, not a legally valid document for the Chinese market: an SDS for China must be compiled separately to GB/T 16483 and GB/T 17519.

🧬 Visualizzatore di molecole 3D
Caricamento molecola...
Modello 3D Benzene, CAS 71-43-2, formula molecolare C6H6, massa molare 78.11 g/mol

Dati trascritti da registri normativi e letteratura tecnica, con indicazione della fonte e dell'edizione. Non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza del fornitore. I campi privi di fonte registrata sono contrassegnati come tali.

📊 Dati chimico-fisici — CAS 71-43-2
📊 Proprietà fisico-chimiche

Riferimento rapido

Formula: C6H6
MW: 78.11 g/mol
CAS: 71-43-2
Aspetto: Liquido limpido, incolore
Odore: Odore aromatico

Proprietà dettagliate

Integrazione della tabella «Proprietà fisico-chimiche (database)» qui sotto — i valori già mostrati non vengono ripetuti.

Proprietà Valore Unità Conditions Source
Indice di rifrazione (nD) 1.5011[1] 20 °C, D-line Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987)
🔬 Proprietà avanzate

Identificatori chimici

SMILES: c1ccccc1

Fonti dei dati: Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987) (ISBN 9780070517998)

Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-08-25

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ si applica a: Indice di rifrazione (nD)
Panoramica chimica: Benzene
Formula molecolareC6H6[1]
Peso molecolare78.11 g/mol[1]
Punto di fusione5.49 °C[1][2][3]
Punto di ebollizione80.09 °C (760 mmHg)[1][2][3]
Densità0.8765 g/cm³[1][2]
LogP (lipofilia)2.13[1]
Nome IUPACbenzene[1]
SMILESc1ccccc1[1]
InChIKeyUHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Sinonimi: Benzene

Fonti dei dati: PubChem (NLM/NIH), Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 2026-10-08

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (3 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ si applica a: Formula molecolare · Peso molecolare · Punto di fusione · Punto di ebollizione · Densità · LogP (lipofilia) · Nome IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey
  2. DECHEMA, PTB, and BAM. CHEMSAFE - Database of Evaluated Safety Characteristics for the Avoidance of Explosions. Frankfurt am Main: DECHEMA e.V.; Braunschweig/Berlin: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt and Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung. ↗ si applica a: Punto di fusione · Punto di ebollizione · Densità
  3. NIST. Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗ si applica a: Punto di fusione · Punto di ebollizione

RICERCA SCIENTIFICA

[1]Molgod Data Citations:crossref2023
It All Started With Benzene.
(2023). "It All Started With Benzene.". https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4568007
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[2]Europe PMC2007
NTP report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis study of benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in genetically modified haploinsufficient p16…
(2007). "NTP report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis study of benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in genetically modified haploinsufficient p16 Ink4a/p19 Arf mice (gavage study).".
Vai allo studio completo ↗
[3]Europe PMC1986
NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies).
(1986). "NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies).".
Vai allo studio completo ↗
📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) 3 refs · 2 baz

MOLECULE Bibliografia per-CAS (live da 13+ banche dati)

Fonti: db:molgod_data_citations:crossref (1) · db:Europe PMC (2)

  1. db:molgod_data_citations:crossref (2023). "It All Started With Benzene.". https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4568007 →
  2. db:Europe PMC (2007). "NTP report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis study of benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in genetically modified haploinsufficient p16 Ink4a/p19 Arf mice (gavage study).".
  3. db:Europe PMC (1986). "NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies).".
Stato normativo della sostanza
Elenchi: EU / REACH Annex XIV, EU/SVHC, US/TSCA, UK / SVHC, CA / DSL (toxic), AU/AICS. Informazione normativa — non limita l'acquisto nel negozio.
🧮 Calcolatore stechiometrico
🧪 Dati chimici
Numero CAS
71-43-2
Formula molecolare
C6H6
Massa molare
78.11 g/mol
Nome IUPAC (EN)
benzene
SMILES
c1ccccc1
InChIKey
UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Related literature (12 articoli)

Matched automatically from public bibliographic databases by text similarity. Not curated for this substance, and not part of the safety data sheet.

Brieuc Le Dé, Simon Huppert, Riccardo Spezia et al. · (2026) · arXiv (2608.20261v1)
A. Roesyadi · (2017) · REAKTOR
Filtra:
Ordina:
📈 Cronologia delle pubblicazioni
1986
2005
2007
2012
2017
2024
2025
2026
📡 Data sources

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical properties
Density
0.8765 g/cm³ @ 20°C

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: 2026-08-25

🔍 Identificatori esterni
13 su 16 sistemi ID81%
DatabaseIdentificatoreAzioni
CAS Registry Number71-43-2Apri →
PubChem CID241[1]Apri →
InChIKeyUHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Apri →
InChIInChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6H[1]
SMILESc1ccccc1[1]
EC Number200-753-7[2]Apri →
KEGG CompoundC01407Apri →
HMDBHMDB0001505Apri →
ChemSpider236[3]Apri →
MeSH UID (NLM)D001554Apri →
UNII (FDA)J64922108FApri →
NSC Number (NCI)67315Apri →
WikiData QIDQ2270Apri →

Fonti: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (3 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ si applica a: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
  2. ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗ si applica a: EC Number
  3. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗ si applica a: ChemSpider

Ulteriori letture

Pubblicazioni tematicamente correlate a questo CAS. Non sono la fonte di alcun valore riportato in questa scheda.

Bibliografia (estesa) (3)

  1. ★★★★★ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Paywall (probable) ✓ verificato Pauling, L.; Wheland, G.W.. 1948. "The nature of the chemical bond — resonance in benzene." Journal of Chemical Physics. link [consultato: 2026-10-11]
  2. ★★★★☆ CANONICAL_PAPERS 💰 Paywall (probable) ✓ verificato Folkins, H.O.. 2003. "Benzene." Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. link [consultato: 2026-10-11]
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ✓ verificato Sunstein, Cass R.. 2023. "It All Started With Benzene.". https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4568007. link [consultato: 2026-08-25]
📡 Spettroscopia — CAS 71-43-2
📊 Spettri (NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis) (1)

Tipi di spettri disponibili: IR

Spettro IR (KBr, 4000-400 cm⁻¹)

440 punti dati · Fonte: NIST WebBook · NIST ↗ · 📥 JCAMP-DX
🎓 Guida all'interpretazione degli spettri (per studenti)
Come leggere uno spettro IR
  • 3200-3600 cm⁻¹ — stiramento O-H (picco allargato = legame a idrogeno)
  • 2850-3000 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C-H (sp³)
  • 1650-1750 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C=O (chetoni, aldeidi, esteri)
  • 1400-1600 cm⁻¹ — vibrazioni dell'anello aromatico
  • 1000-1300 cm⁻¹ — stiramento C-O (eteri, alcoli)
  • Nessun assorbimento = gruppo funzionale assente → confrontare con un riferimento

Fonti: LibreTexts ↗, Silverstein (Spectrometric ID) ↗

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) (7 sources)
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  2. Spectral Database for Organic Structure Determination (SDBS). 2024. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Ulrich, Eldon L., Hideo Akutsu, John F. Doreleijers, Yoko Harano, Yannis E. Ioannidis, Jundong Lin, Miron Livny, et al. 2008. "BioMagResBank." Nucleic Acids Research 36 (D1): D402–D408. [DOI ↗]
  4. Horai, Hisayuki, Masanori Arita, Shigehiko Kanaya, Yoshito Nihei, Tasuku Ikeda, Kazuhiro Suwa, Yuya Ojima, et al. 2010. "MassBank: A Public Repository for Sharing Mass Spectral Data for Life Sciences." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 45 (7): 703–714. [DOI ↗]
  5. Linstrom, P.J., and W.G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗
  6. McDonald, M. Shane, Mike McAvoy, and Ajit Bhalerao. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. [DOI ↗]
  7. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
Proprietà strutturali

Caricamento dei dati strutturali...

❓ Domande frequenti (3)
What is 71-43-2?
71-43-2 (CAS 71-43-2) is a chemical compound. The chemical data comes from PubChem (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Utile?
What is the CAS number of 71-43-2?
The CAS number for 71-43-2 is 71-43-2. A CAS Registry Number is the standard identifier for a chemical substance in scientific literature and in trade.
Utile?
How should 71-43-2 be stored?
71-43-2 should be stored as its safety data sheet directs \— typically in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place, away from heat and from materials it is incompatible with.
Utile?
➕ Suggerisci una domanda
Scarica i file di struttura

File di struttura molecolare dal database PubChem (NIH). Compatibili con i programmi: Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.

Fonte: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 241

🔄 Convertitore di unità di concentrazione LIVE

Inserisci la concentrazione Benzene in qualsiasi unità — il resto verrà calcolato automaticamente.

MW: 78.11 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Formule di conversione + citazioni (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuratezzaSource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 fonti autorevoli)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Strutture molecolari simili

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🧪 Procedura guidata di preparazione della soluzione WIZARD
① Seleziona la concentrazione
② Volume finale
③ Solvente

Calcoli secondo: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chimica computazionale

Caricamento dei dati computazionali...

🔬 Guida al controllo della purezza Controllo qualità

Verifica la purezza del reagente utilizzando metodi analitici standardizzati. Seleziona un metodo di analisi qui sotto e inserisci i risultati delle misurazioni per il calcolo automatico.

🛡️ Sicurezza — CAS 71-43-2
Avviso sulle limitazioni dei dati. Le informazioni sulla sicurezza contenute in questa pagina hanno carattere informativo e non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) completa. Prima di utilizzare il prodotto, consultare la scheda di dati di sicurezza aggiornata del produttore e le linee guida GHS/CLP. La classificazione CLP riguarda la sostanza pura bulk, non i preparati commerciali.

Classificazione GHS/CLP — Regolamento (CE) n. 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Pericolo (Danger)
GHS02 — Infiammabile
GHS02 Infiammabile
GHS07 — Irritante / nocivo
GHS07 Irritante / nocivo
GHS08 — Pericolo per la salute
GHS08 Pericolo per la salute

🚨 Indicazioni di pericolo (H)

  • H225 — Liquido e vapori facilmente infiammabili.
  • H350 — Può provocare il cancro.
  • H340 — Può provocare alterazioni genetiche.
  • H304 — Può essere letale in caso di ingestione e di penetrazione nelle vie respiratorie.
  • H372 — Provoca danni agli organi in caso di esposizione prolungata o ripetuta.
  • H315 — Provoca irritazione cutanea.
  • H319 — Provoca grave irritazione oculare.

🛡 Consigli di prudenza (P)

  • P201 — Procurarsi istruzioni specifiche prima dell’uso.
  • P210 — Tenere lontano da fonti di calore, superfici calde, scintille, fiamme libere o altre fonti di accensione. Non fumare.
  • P260 — Non respirare la polvere/i fumi/i gas/la nebbia/i vapori/gli aerosol.
  • P280 — Indossare guanti/indumenti protettivi/Proteggere gli occhi/il viso.

✓ Classificazione armonizzata ai sensi dell'allegato VI del regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008 (classificazione ufficiale, vincolante). Numero indice: 601-020-00-8.

Riferimento (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "benzene, Index No. 601-020-00-8." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Traduzioni: Regolamento CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Allegato III e IV. Dati: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici consolidati — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

Riferimenti raccolti da tutte le schede del Safety Hub. CAS: 71-43-2 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Regulation (EC) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Normative
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Primo soccorso, Tossicologia
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Primo soccorso, DPI, Tossicologia
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] DPI
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Smaltimento, Normative
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Stoccaggio
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Stoccaggio
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. Norme nazionali — Polonia [↗] Smaltimento
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Tossicologia

Le schede con riferimenti propri (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contengono ulteriori voci bibliografiche all'interno delle rispettive sezioni.

📈 Statistica analitica (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Incolla una serie di misure replicate (CSV oppure un numero per riga). Il calcolatore calcolerà la media, la deviazione standard e il 95% CI, e rileverà gli outlier (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separatore: virgola, spazio, tab, nuova riga. Min 3 misurazioni.
📐 Formule statistiche
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — media aritmetica
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — varianza campionaria
  • s = √s² — deviazione standard
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — deviazione standard relativa
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test di Grubbs
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Fonte: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

🧪 Calcolatore di ricette per tamponi UNIQUE
Bibliografia: Valori di pKa da Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

Scegli un tampone dall'elenco di 20 sistemi popolari → inserisci il pH target → otterrai una ricetta esatta con le masse da pesare.

Passo 1: Scegli un sistema tampone

📜 Cronologia delle ricette (ultime 10)
🚚 Classificazione di trasporto (ADR / IATA / IMDG) UN 1114
Numero UN
UN 1114
Benzene
Flammable Carcinogen
Source: ADR 2025 Tabela A (adr_dangerous_goods.json)

🛣️ ADR Trasporto stradale

Classe:
3
Gruppo di imballaggio:
II
Nome di spedizione:
Benzene
Codice galleria:
(D/E)
Limited Quantity (L):
1

✈️ IATA Trasporto aereo

Classe:
3
Istruzioni di imballaggio:
352 / 364
Quantità max (PAX):
1 L
Quantità max (CAO):
60 L

🚢 IMDG Trasporto marittimo

Classe:
3
EmS Code:
F-E, S-D

Fonti: ADR 2025 ↗ · IATA DGR ↗ · IMDG Code ↗

📅 Project Planner — Gestore degli esperimenti di laboratorio NOVITÀ

Pianifica l'intero progetto di laboratorio: aggiungi esperimenti con reagenti, repliche e durata. Otterrai un diagramma di Gantt, una lista degli acquisti (con link al negozio!), un budget con un margine del 10% e una matrice dei rischi GHS.

🧪 Solubilità e compatibilità con i solventi
Molecola
Benzene
Formula
C6H6
logP (XLogP3)
2.10
Massa (g/mol)
78.11
Polarità
Idrofoba (apolare)

⚠️ Stima HSP (letteratura / group contribution). Dati indicativi — non sostituiscono le prove sperimentali.

Ra < R₀ = buona miscibilità · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = al limite · oltre = scarsa (R₀ — raggio della sfera di Hansen di questa molecola) Per questa molecola R₀ = 7.5.

Solvente Compat. Ra Visuale GC-MS HPLC Applications Riferimenti
Water (H₂O)1.8 g/L (misurato)43.7
✗ NoA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrophilic)
Ethanol (EtOH)− Scarsa20.2
✗ NoA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)− Scarsa24.6
✗ NoA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent to 205 nm
Acetone− Scarsa12.9
✗ NoB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallisationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)− Scarsa19.5
✗ NoB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (low UV cut-off, 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO− Scarsa18.3
✗ NoN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF~ Media8.9
✗ NoB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallics
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)~ Media7.5
✓ YesB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallisation (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)+ Buona5.0
✓ YesN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane+ Buona7.3
✓ YesA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene+ Buona1.6
✓ YesB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisazeotropic drying (Dean-Stark)
📚 Riferimenti scientifici per i solventi (Chicago Author-Date) — clicca per espandere

11 solventi · 54 citazioni complete (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — di seguito.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — neuropatia periferica (l'n-esano NON è un cancerogeno secondo la IARC)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria della solubilità (applicata nella previsione della compatibilità):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — Tripletta HSP (dD, dP, dH) + formula Ra.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solvatochromism.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution for dD/dP/dH from SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Set tabulare completo di 250+ solventi (ε, μ, donicità, numeri di accettore).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 71-43-2 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Bibliografia completa nell'accordion RIFERIMENTI (in fondo alla pagina) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Verifica la compatibilità della reazione
1 3 0
Salute: 1/4
Infiammabilità: 3/4
Reattività: 0/4
Secondo NFPA 704 / calcolato dai codici H

Verifica se Benzene è compatibile con un altro reagente

📦 Matrice di compatibilità di stoccaggio
Acidi Bases Ossidanti Infiammabile Tossico Gazy
Acidi ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Bases ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Ossidanti ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Infiammabile ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Tossico ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Conservabili insieme · ⚠ Attenzione · ✗ NON conservare insieme · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Dati di compatibilità da: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Calcolatori da laboratorio (8)
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarità (M=n/V)
Tampone pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Massa → Moli
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatura C↔F↔K

Formule verificate: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Database di spettri spettroscopici
📋 Generatore di protocolli di laboratorio

Protocollo generato sulla base di: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generatore di etichette (QR)
Benzene• IUPAC: benzene• CAS: 71-43-2• EC: 200-753-7• Formula: C6H6• Massa: 78.11 g/molPERICOLOINDICAZIONI DI PERICOLO GHS:H225 H350 H340 H304 H372 H315 H319P280 P201 P210 P260Solo per uso di laboratorio!Nonsensia Ltd124-128 City Road, EC1V 2NX London[email protected]molgod.orgN. lotto: Massa netta:
⏳ Consulente di stabilità & durata di conservazione Arrhenius
Metodologia: Arrhenius equation k = A·exp(-Ea/RT). Citazione: Connors KA et al. 1986 · ICH Q1A(R2)

Inserisci le condizioni di conservazione → l'algoritmo di Arrhenius prevedrà la concentrazione residua, il tempo di dimezzamento e la raccomandazione d'uso.

❄️ Raccomandazioni di conservazione
Temperature:
15-25°C
Light:
Ambient
Container:
Glass
Incompatible:
Oxidizers, fluorine
🧪 Assistente di preparazione della soluzione (Smart Prep)

Inserisci cosa vuoi preparare — genererò una SOP

Esempi qui sotto — clicca per inserire:
Ricette predefinite:
📚 Panoramica della letteratura scientifica — CAS 71-43-2
⭐ Risultati principali (letteratura scientifica) 7 publications
🏆 CAS 71-43-2 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citazioni · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Pauling, L.; Wheland, G.W. (1948) · Journal of Chemical Physics
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · alto impatto (2100 citazioni) · articolo storico (1948)
    SCORE 12.22 Meccanismo MUST-CITE Citazioni: 2100 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Benzene — IARC Monograph Vol. 100F (Group 1 carcinogen)
    IARC Working Group (1987) · IARC Monographs
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · alto impatto (1280 citazioni)
    SCORE 11.57 Farmacologia MUST-CITE Citazioni: 1280
  3. #3
    Snyder, R.; Witz, G.; Goldstein, B.D. (1977) · Environmental Health Perspectives
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 820 citazioni
    SCORE 10.99 Farmacologia MUST-CITE Citazioni: 820 DOI ↗
  4. #4
    McHale, C.M.; Zhang, L.; Smith, M.T. (2010) · Carcinogenesis
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 540 citazioni · rassegna
    SCORE 10.8 Rassegna MUST-CITE Citazioni: 540 DOI ↗
  5. #5
    Loomis, D.; Guyton, K.Z.; Grosse, Y.; El Ghissassi, F.; Bouvard, V. et al. (2017) · The Lancet Oncology
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 280 citazioni · rassegna
    SCORE 9.45 Rassegna MUST-CITE Citazioni: 280 DOI ↗
  6. #6
    Folkins, H.O. (2003) · Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 420 citazioni
    SCORE 7.87 Industria MUST-CITE Citazioni: 420 DOI ↗
  7. #7
    Wallace, L.A. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives
    Perché è importante: Must-cite (canone) · 340 citazioni
    SCORE 7.6 Analitica MUST-CITE Citazioni: 340 DOI ↗

Perché questa pagina è verificabile

Identità

CAS, EC e formula molecolare, risolti nei sistemi di identificativi usati da un acquirente. Viene indicato il numero di sistemi risolti, così vedi quanto è ben caratterizzata questa sostanza invece di presumerlo.

Dati

Ogni valore chimico-fisico riporta la fonte da cui proviene e la data in cui la fonte è stata consultata. Puoi aprirne una qualsiasi.

Classificazione

Letta rispetto alla voce armonizzata, ove esista, con indicazione del numero indice. L’autoclassificazione è mostrata separatamente e contrassegnata.

Normativa

Stato negli inventari, restrizioni, autorizzazione ed elenco delle sostanze candidate, ciascuno indicato singolarmente. Dove uno stato non è accertato, questa pagina lo dice — non afferma mai che non si applicano restrizioni.

Documentazione

Quali documenti esistono, a quale livello di revisione, in quali lingue e quando ciascuno è stato rilasciato.

Fornitore

Chi lo vende e cosa ha pubblicato su di sé.

Nulla in questa pagina è una certificazione. È un record che puoi sottoporre ad audit.

Two guarantees, both with their limits stated

The Gap Report Guarantee

If the available evidence cannot support a defensible document for your CAS number and product specification, we will not invent the missing values. You receive a documented gap report and choose: a refund, store credit, or the report on its own.

A visible gap is worth more than a plausible number, because the plausible number is the one that fails when somebody checks it.

The Re-issue Promise

If a signed card is rejected by an authority or by a customer’s compliance officer on one of the points we checked and reported as passed, we re-issue it corrected at no charge and credit the original fee.

This covers the checks we performed and named. It does not cover registration status, tonnage, or your role in the supply chain — those are not ours to hold, and a guarantee that pretended otherwise would be worth nothing.

benzene — CAS 71-43-2, Annex VI index 601-020-00-8. Below: what the regulatory file for this substance must contain and where such files usually fail.

benzene (CAS 71-43-2) at a glance

  • Substance – benzene
  • CAS number – 71-43-2
  • EC number – 200-753-7
  • CLP Annex VI index number – 601-020-00-8
  • Hazard statements – H225 (highly flammable liquid and vapour); H350 (may cause cancer); H340 (may cause genetic defects); H304 (may be fatal if swallowed and enters airways); H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure); H315 (causes skin irritation)
  • Hazard classes – Flam. Liq. 2, Carc. 1A, Muta. 1B, Asp. Tox. 1, STOT RE 1, Skin Irrit. 2
  • Label pictograms – GHS02, GHS07, GHS08
  • Signal word – Danger
  • Entry current as of – ATP10
  • CMR classification – yes, classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction
  • Documentation issued – safety data sheet in REACH Annex II structure; working draft or signed card
  • What is supplied – a document. MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.

Is benzene classified as a CMR substance?

CAS 71-43-2 is classified as a CMR substance (H350, H340). That status changes the obligations attached to every shipment: workplace exposure documentation, restrictions on supply to the general public, and substitution pressure from downstream users who must justify continued use. A safety data sheet for a CMR substance is read more closely than any other, because the classification itself invites scrutiny.

Published sources behind the data

The toxicological and physicochemical record for benzene rests on published literature, not on a supplier summary. One of the canonical references is Faraday, M. (1825), “On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oi”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, DOI 10.1098/rstl.1825.0022. Where a value in the sheet comes from a specific paper, the sheet says which paper — a reviewer can then check one number without re-reading the whole document.

How do I check if my SDS for benzene is still valid?

If a document concerning benzene is already in circulation, the initial consideration should be whether it is incorrect rather than whether to replace it, and if incorrect, in which specific sections. Errors tend to recur across a range of documents; therefore, examining three documents often provides insights that would otherwise require reviewing three hundred.

Is benzene a controlled substance?

Storage requirement on record: Annex XVII entry 5: benzene ≤0.1% in toys/preparations supplied to public; carcinogen Cat. 1A. None of this appears in the CLP classification, so a sheet built from Annex VI alone will be silent on it.

What is the UN number for benzene?

For carriage, benzene is assigned UN 1114, transport class 3, packing group II. These entries belong in section 14 of the safety data sheet and must match the shipping papers exactly. A consignment where the sheet and the transport document disagree on the UN number is stopped before anyone reads the remaining fifteen sections.

Target organ toxicity in the sheet

Specific target organ toxicity (H372) obliges the sheet to state the route of exposure and, where established, the organ affected. This is one of the few places where a generic phrase is treated as a defect rather than as caution: an unspecified organ leaves the downstream user unable to build an exposure scenario.

What is the EC number for benzene?

Alongside CAS 71-43-2, this substance carries EC number 200-753-7 and Annex VI index 601-020-00-8. European documentation is built around the EC number as often as around the CAS: registration dossiers, the candidate list and customs systems key on it. A safety data sheet quoting only one of the two forces every downstream reader to look up the other.

Identifiers that must agree

Three identifiers accompany this substance, and all must align: the CAS number 71-43-2, the Annex VI index number 601-020-00-8, and the name as listed in the register. Incongruent identifiers represent the subtlest flaw in a documentation set, as each individual document appears correct until a cross-check reveals they describe distinct entities.

What is the CLP classification of benzene?

The harmonised classification for CAS 71-43-2 carries 7 hazard statements: H225, H350, H340, H304, H372, H315, H319. In plain terms this means highly flammable liquid and vapour; may cause cancer; may cause genetic defects; may be fatal if swallowed and enters airways. A harmonised entry is binding across the Union — an importer may not soften it, and a self-classification that diverges from it will not survive an enforcement check.

Is benzene on the SVHC candidate list?

Outside the Union the same substance appears on AICS (AU), DSL — toxic (CA), TSCA (US). Exporters are read against the list of the destination, not of the origin.

What must the label for benzene contain?

The supply label for benzene is generated from the same classification that drives the safety data sheet: pictograms selected by precedence, one signal word derived from the highest hazard class present, and the hazard statements H225, H350, H340… reproduced in full. Where the container is too small to carry the complete set at a legible size, there are lawful ways to handle it and unlawful ones that look identical to a non-specialist.

How is benzene classified for road, sea and air transport?

Carriers and forwarders handling benzene compare section 14 against the shipping papers before loading. Any disagreement stops the consignment at the point where correcting it is most expensive.

Which GHS pictograms apply to benzene?

The label for benzene carries GHS02 (flame), GHS07 (exclamation mark), GHS08 (health hazard), with the signal word Danger. These are not chosen by the supplier: CLP Annex VI states them for CAS 71-43-2, and the precedence rules in Annex I decide which pictogram is dropped when two would say the same thing. A label showing a different set from the register is wrong even if every hazard statement on it is correct.

Is benzene restricted under REACH Annex XVII?

Benzene is covered by entry 5 of Annex XVII to REACH, which restricts how it may be placed on the market or used. A restriction is not the same as a classification: it limits the permitted uses regardless of how the substance is labelled, and it belongs in section 15 of the sheet. Importers who read only the classification and stop there routinely miss this.

Protective equipment and exposure controls

Personal protective equipment for CAS 71-43-2 is prescribed in section 8, alongside engineering controls that come first in the hierarchy. A sheet naming protective equipment without naming ventilation requirements has skipped the more important half.

Questions about documentation for benzene

In which language must the sheet be supplied?

In an official language of each Member State where benzene is placed on the market, unless that State has stated otherwise.

Can I check whether my existing sheet is still valid?

Yes. A section-by-section reading against Annex II and the current harmonised entry establishes that in one pass, and a sheet that passes is reported as passing.

Do I need a safety data sheet to import benzene into the EU?

Yes. A sheet compiled to Annex II of REACH must exist before the first consignment moves, and it must be held by the entity placing the substance on the Union market.

What is the CAS number of benzene?

CAS 71-43-2. In CLP Annex VI the same substance carries index number 601-020-00-8, and both identifiers should appear in the documentation.

MolGod.org issues documentation and does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances. CAS 71-43-2 identifies the subject of this document.

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  • Consegna automatica dopo il pagamento, via e-mail
  • Struttura completa in 16 sezioni secondo l’allegato II del REACH
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SDS revisionata da un esperto

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  • Tutto ciò che include la bozza di lavoro
  • Revisionato da una persona competente secondo l'allegato II, sezione per sezione
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  • Mercato di destinazione e lingua verificati
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  • Cinque cicli di correzioni secondo le tue istruzioni
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In caso di dubbio, scorri la colonna di sinistra dall’alto e fermati alla prima riga che descrive la tua situazione.
A cosa serve il documento Bozza di lavoro
€49.99		 Revisionata da un esperto
€249.99
Redazione e revisione interne YesYes
Verificare una scheda che un fornitore ti ha inviato YesYes
Inviata al tuo cliente Non redatta per questo usoYes
Accompagna una spedizione di esportazione Non redatta per questo usoYes
Letto da un ispettore o da un’autorità Non redatta per questo usoYes
Adattata alla tua azienda, al grado e all'uso identificato NoYes
Firmata e datata dal revisore NoYes
Quando lo ricevi Subito dopo il pagamentoEntro 72 ore dalla ricezione dei dati completi

Nulla ti impedisce di inviare una bozza a chiunque. «Non redatta per questo uso» significa esattamente questo: non reca alcuna firma né campi adattati alla tua azienda, quindi non risponderà alle domande che il destinatario sta per porre.

Cosa significa la firma

Chi prepara il documento
The document is generated by the MolGod engine from ECHA CLP Annex VI and the cited public sources, then read section by section by a qualified scientific reviewer with a degree in chemistry or a related scientific field.
Cosa comprende la revisione
La scheda viene esaminata sezione per sezione rispetto alla struttura dell'allegato II del REACH. La classificazione GHS e le voci relative al trasporto vengono verificate rispetto alle fonti citate nel documento, e la scheda viene adattata all'azienda, al grado del prodotto e all'uso identificato che indichi.
Cosa NON viene verificato
Non analizziamo il tuo materiale e non possiamo confermare cosa si trovi fisicamente nel tuo contenitore: composizione, concentrazione, impurezze o via di produzione. Questi dati provengono da te e vengono riportati così come forniti.
Che cos'è la firma — e cosa non è
The signature records that a qualified scientific reviewer read the document. It is not a government approval, not an ECHA approval, and not a legal certification — no such certification exists for safety data sheets in the EU. A signature does not by itself make a document legally valid or make your business compliant.
Cosa ricevi
Un PDF nella struttura in 16 sezioni dell'allegato II di REACH, firmato e datato, con informazioni sulla versione e un elenco di tutto ciò che non abbiamo potuto accertare. Sono inclusi cinque cicli di correzioni.
Consegna
Entro 72 ore dalla ricezione dei tuoi dati completi. Il conteggio si sospende ogni volta che attendiamo una risposta.
Rimborsi
Rimborso completo prima dell’inizio della revisione. Se le evidenze sono insufficienti, scegli tra rimborso, credito in negozio o rapporto sulle lacune. Vedi politica di rimborso.

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📋 Status prawny (REACH / TSCA / UK)
JurysdykcjaListaStatusSunset
EUREACH Annex XIVlisted2017-02-21
EUSVHClisted—
USTSCAactive—
UKSVHClisted—
CADSL (toxic)restricted—
AUAICSrestricted—
📄 Certificati di Analisi (CoA) CAS 71-43-2 nessuno

Nessun certificato per questo prodotto nel database.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere

Standard di gestione dei lotti e di certificazione di laboratorio — 13 fonti indipendenti (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📈 Predittore dello spettro UV-VIS (200-400 nm) λmax 254 nm
0%25%50%75%100%200250300350400254 nmA = ε·c·lA / Aₘₐₓ (%)
CompostoBenzene
λmax254 nm
λmin200 nm
εmax (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)200
Solvente (query)water
Solvente (riferimento)hexane
Concentration (M)1e-4
Lunghezza del cammino ottico (cm)1
FWHM della curva80 nm

Modello: curva gaussiana centrata su λmax con scalatura secondo Beer-Lambert A = ε · c · l. Trasmittanza T = 10^(-A) · 100%.

📚 Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. (2023). "It All Started With Benzene.". https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4568007 [DOI]
  2. (2007). "NTP report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis study of benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in genetically modified haploinsufficient p16 Ink4a/p19 Arf mice (gavage study).".
  3. (1986). "NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies).".
  4. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. 2023. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI]
  5. Mayerhöfer, Thomas G., Samir Pahlow, and Jürgen Popp. 2020. "The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure." ChemPhysChem 21 (18): 2029-2046. [DOI]
  6. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2017. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57721-3.
  7. Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803224-4.
  8. Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-96582-6.
  9. Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
  10. Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-88992-9.
  11. Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2032-9.
  12. Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-711559-0.
  13. Sadek, Paul C. 2002. The HPLC Solvent Guide. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-41242-2.
  14. Banwell, Colin N., and Elaine M. McCash. 1994. "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy." 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-707976-1.
  15. Perkampus, Heinz-Helmut. 1992. UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77479-9.
  16. Fieser, Louis F. 1949. "Extension of Woodward's Rules for Prediction of Conjugated Diene Absorption." Journal of the American Chemical Society 71 (5): 1854-1857. [DOI]
  17. Woodward, Robert B. 1942. "Structure and the Absorption Spectra of Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Ketones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1): 72-75. [DOI]
  18. Beer, August. 1852. "Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten." Annalen der Physik und Chemie 86: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18521620505.
  19. Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1760. Photometria. Augsburg: Sumptibus Vidae.

📖 Il valore λmax = 254 nm proviene da una banca dati o dalla letteratura. Nessun controllo incrociato indipendente (NIST / CrossRef / PubChem) — verifica incrociata non disponibile.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/spectra/uv-vis/71-43-2?solvent=water&path_length_cm=1

☣️ Tossicità (LD50 / LC50) GHS Cat 4 — Bassa
LD50
930 mg/kg[1][2]
Gatunek / droga
Rat / doustnie
Klasyfikacja
Slightly toxic[3][4]
Skala GHS (Acute Toxicity, oral, mg/kg bw):
Cat 1 (≤5)
Cat 2 (5–50)
Cat 3 (50–300)
Cat 4 (300–2000)
Cat 5 (2000–5000)

Fonte: RTECS CY1400000; IARC Mono 100F (Group 1); ATSDR Benzene 2007 (2007). CAS 71-43-2.

I dati LD50/LC50 hanno valore puramente indicativo; non sostituiscono la scheda di dati di sicurezza (SDS) né la valutazione di un esperto tossicologo. Classificazione GHS per la via orale (mg/kg bw) secondo UN GHS, 10ª rev. 2023, Annex 1 §3.1.1.

Bibliografia (Chicago)
  1. NIOSH. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). Cincinnati: NIOSH.
  2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Medical Management Guidelines / Toxicological Profile. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  3. United Nations. 2023. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)." 10th rev. ed. New York: UN.
  4. Hodge, Harold C., and James H. Sterner. 1949. "Tabulation of toxicity classes." American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly 10 (4): 93-96.
Ulteriori fonti (metodologia, non citate direttamente):
  • U.S. EPA. 2024. "ChemView." https://chemview.epa.gov/.
  • Lipnick, Robert L., et al. 1995. "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures." Food and Chemical Toxicology 33 (3): 223-231.
  • ATSDR. 2024. "Toxicological Profiles." Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • Hayes, Wallace, and Claire L. Kruger, eds. 2014. "Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology." 6th ed. CRC Press.
  • Lewis, Richard J. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." 12th ed. Wiley.
  • IARC. 2024. "Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans." International Agency for Research on Cancer (classification criteria for carcinogenicity: IARC Group 1/2A/2B).
  • Pohanish, Richard P. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." 7th ed. Elsevier.
  • Bingham, Eula, Barbara Cohrssen, and Charles H. Powell, eds. 2012. "Patty's Toxicology." 6th ed. Wiley.
  • WHO. 2023. "Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard." World Health Organization (zgodne z UN GHS Annex 1 §3.1.1).
📜 Brevetti (metadati pubblici) nessun dato

Attualmente non sono stati trovati metadati brevettuali pubblici per questa sostanza in Crossref / OpenAlex. I dati verranno aggiornati automaticamente dopo il prossimo aggiornamento della cache (24h).

📚 Riferimenti (Chicago Author-Date) — fare clic per espandere
  1. (2023). "It All Started With Benzene.". https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4568007
  2. (2007). "NTP report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis study of benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in genetically modified haploinsufficient p16 Ink4a/p19 Arf mice (gavage study).".
  3. (1986). "NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene (CAS No. 71-43-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies).".
  4. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  5. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  6. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  7. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
  8. Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
  9. Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
  10. Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
  11. Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
  12. Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
  13. Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
  14. Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
  15. Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.

REST: /wp-json/molgod/v1/patents/71-43-2?status=active&limit=10

📊 Diffrazione a raggi X (PXRD) Bassa qualità 30%

Dati cristallografici per 71-43-2 verificati con COD (0 picchi di diffrazione). I valori 2θ seguenti consentono l'identificazione della forma polimorfica mediante PXRD in laboratorio.

Sistema cristallino Gruppo spaziale Cella unitaria (Å) Densità (g/cm³) R
monoclinic P 1 21/c 1 a=5.895 b=7.750 c=20.085 α=90.00° β=91.07° γ=90.00° 1.202 (calculated) 0.1442
Riferimenti scientifici (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. International Centre for Diffraction Data. 2024. PDF-4+ 2024. Newtown Square, PA: ICDD. 🔓
  2. Allen, Frank H. 2002. "The Cambridge Structural Database: a quarter of a million crystal structures and rising." Acta Crystallographica B 58 (3): 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108768102003890
  3. Grazulis, Saulius, Adriana Merkys, Antanas Vaitkus, and Daniel Chateigner. 2012. "Computing stoichiometric molecular composition from crystal structures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45 (6): 1241–1248. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889812042185 Accesso aperto
  4. Cullity, B. D., and Stuart R. Stock. 2001. Elements of X-Ray Diffraction. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  5. Jenkins, Ron, and Robert L. Snyder. 1996. Introduction to X-Ray Powder Diffractometry. New York: Wiley-Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118520949
  6. Giacovazzo, Carmelo, Hugo L. Monaco, Giuseppe Artioli, Davide Viterbo, Marco Milanesio, Gastone Gilli, Paola Gilli, Giuseppe Zanotti, Giampiero Ferraris, and Mario Catti. 2011. Fundamentals of Crystallography. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  7. Dinnebier, Robert E., and Simon J. L. Billinge, eds. 2008. Powder Diffraction: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781847558237
  8. United States Pharmacopeia. 2024. "Chapter <941> Characterization of Crystalline and Partially Crystalline Solids by X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD)." USP-NF. Rockville, MD: USP. 🔓
FAQ — domande frequenti su PXRD
How does temperature affect a PXRD pattern?
As the temperature rises, thermal expansion of the lattice increases — peaks shift towards lower 2θ. Phase transitions (enantiotropy) cause step changes in the pattern. Variable-temperature PXRD (VT-PXRD) maps the phase diagram — it identifies the temperatures of polymorphic transitions. Crucial for compounds with thermolabile polymorphs.
Where does the PXRD pattern shown in this accordion come from?
We aggregate the data from three free, peer-reviewed sources: COD (Crystallography Open Database) — CIF files with complete structural data; IUCr Acta Crystallographica E — open-access publications with PXRD data; PubChem (NCBI/NIH) — experimental density for cross-validation. Every entry has a DOI leading to the source publication.
What is PXRD and what is it used for?
PXRD (Powder X-Ray Diffraction) is an analytical technique in which X-rays are diffracted by the atoms of a crystal. The diffraction pattern (2θ angles and intensities) is unique to every crystalline substance and to each of its polymorphic forms — it acts as the crystal's "fingerprint". It is used to identify phases, purity and the polymorphic form of a sample.
What does I/I₀ (relative intensity) mean?
I/I₀ is the intensity of a peak expressed as a percentage of the intensity of the strongest peak (I₀=100). Intensity depends on the number of atoms in the plane, their type (atomic factor) and thermal scattering. For identifying a polymorphic form it is the SET of peaks that matters — not individual values.
Dati da PubChemFonte: PubChem (NIH)
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📚 RIFERIMENTI (Bibliografia complessiva, Chicago Author-Date) 78 elementi

Tutte le fonti scientifiche citate negli accordion sopra per il CAS 71-43-2.Formato: Chicago Manual of Style 17ª ed., sistema Author-Date.

🗄️ Banche dati scientifiche

  1. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 71-43-2. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=71-43-2.
  2. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 71-43-2. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  3. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
  4. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 71-43-2. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=71-43-2.

📐 Standard / Linee guida

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Libri

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Articoli scientifici (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

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  34. Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). 2024. "Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — System rejestracji firm utylizacyjnych." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/. Norme nazionali — Polonia
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This 3D model is also published on: Zenodo (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.23277363) · NIH 3D (3DPX-023722) · Wikimedia Commons
Source structure: PubChem (CID 241)
📜 Licenza e provenienza
COMPUTED — PubChem3D · 3D conformer computed by PubChem using OMEGA; not an experimental structure.
benzene (CAS 71-43-2), C6H6 - 3D ball-and-stick molecular model, engraved element symbols (C H), MolGod STL previewScarica immagine

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Modello
benzene · 71-43-2
InChIKey
UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Licenza
CC BY-SA 4.0 International
Attribuzione
MolGod Scientific — benzene (CAS 71-43-2)
Scheda di licenza e provenienza
benzene (CAS 71-43-2) →
Scheda molecolare MolGod
benzene →
Dati di origine
PubChem CID 241 ↗
Informazioni sul modello
STL generato da MolGod · MolGod STL Exporter build 97d4498f28a7 · generato il 2026-10-04
SHA-256 (STL)
99c78d98eeb3979fab9bfee45500448b6d8a815d90940f2543f030d67931e1ae
MD5 (STL)
d2de2ae5cbef989e24e11001cc4c6527
MolGod Identification Number
MG_386-938-392-24
Trasformazione
Mesh a sfere e bastoncini MolGod Scientific
Modifiche
Convertito in una mesh molecolare triangolata; coordinate atomiche e connettività invariate.
Wikimedia Commons
STL · PNG

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