chlorophacinone (CAS 3691-35-8) — Safety Data Sheet
Safety data sheet documentation for chlorophacinone (CAS 3691-35-8), compiled to REACH Annex II with classification read against the harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI (H360D, H330, H310, H300). Two options: a working draft sent by e-mail immediately, or a signed card issued within 72 hours of complete input. The item supplied is a document — MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.
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Section 9 — physicochemical properties: 6 of 22 established.
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Identity, structure, physical and chemical properties, analytical data and the literature — every value with the source it came from and the date that source was read. The full record is in the data sections further down this page.
Identity CAS · EC · IUPAC · synonyms · molecular formula · molecular weight
Structure 2D · 3D · SMILES · InChI · InChIKey
Physical melting point · boiling point · density · vapour pressure · solubility
Chemical reactivity · stability · incompatible materials
Analytical spectra and methods where available
References literature, with DOI where a DOI exists
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A digital PDF safety data sheet in the sixteen-section structure of REACH Annex II (Regulation 1907/2006).
Substance identification, hazard classification, physicochemical, toxicological and ecological information, and regulatory references.
Classification read against the harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI where one exists for the substance.
A version number, a compilation date, and the source behind each value that carries one.
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What this is not
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The safety data sheet at your entitlement level — sixteen sections in the order set by REACH Annex II, for this substance, in the language you select.
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The specification, and the certificate of analysis where batch data exists.
sources.txt — every citation with the date it was read.
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3D model Chlorophacinone, CAS 3691-35-8, molecular formula C23H15ClO3, molar mass 374.8 g/mol
Data transcribed from regulatory registers and technical literature, with the source and edition stated. It does not replace the supplier's safety data sheet. Fields without a recorded source are marked as such.
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
applies to: Molecular formula · Molecular weight · LogP (lipophilicity) · IUPAC name · SMILES · InChIKey
NIST. Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗
applies to: Melting point
Radke SL, Schrunk DE, Ruane A et al.. (2022). "Acute hemorrhage and death in calves following chlorophacinone exposure.". Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the A
Moriceau MA, Lefebvre S, Fourel I et al.. (2020). "Accidental chlorophacinone exposure of lactating ewes: Clinical follow-up and human health dietary implications.". Food and chemical toxicology : an
Alomar H, Chabert A, Coeurdassier M et al.. (2018). "Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum) in a non-target invertebrate, the slug, Deroceras reticu
Witmer GW, Snow NP, Moulton RS. (2016). "Retention time of chlorophacinone in black-tailed prairie dogs informs secondary hazards from a prairie dog rodenticide bait.". Pest management science. https:
Hsu CW, Hsieh JH, Huang R et al.. (2016). "Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs.". Toxicology and applied pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016
Rattner BA, Horak KE, Lazarus RS et al.. (2015). "Toxicity reference values for chlorophacinone and their application for assessing anticoagulant rodenticide risk to raptors.". Ecotoxicology (London,
Vein J, Vey D, Fourel I et al.. (2013). "Bioaccumulation of chlorophacinone in strains of rats resistant to anticoagulants.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3367
Vyas NB, Hulse CS, Rice CP. (2012). "Chlorophacinone residues in mammalian prey at a black-tailed prairie dog colony.". Environmental toxicology and chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1968
MOLECULE
Per-CAS bibliography (live from 13+ databases)
Sources: db:pubmed (13) · db:crossref (1)
db:pubmed
Radke SL, Schrunk DE, Ruane A et al.. (2022). "Acute hemorrhage and death in calves following chlorophacinone exposure.". Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387211069369 →
db:pubmed
Moriceau MA, Lefebvre S, Fourel I et al.. (2020). "Accidental chlorophacinone exposure of lactating ewes: Clinical follow-up and human health dietary implications.". Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111518 →
db:pubmed
Alomar H, Chabert A, Coeurdassier M et al.. (2018). "Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum) in a non-target invertebrate, the slug, Deroceras reticulatum.". The Science of the total environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.117 →
db:pubmed
Witmer GW, Snow NP, Moulton RS. (2016). "Retention time of chlorophacinone in black-tailed prairie dogs informs secondary hazards from a prairie dog rodenticide bait.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4045 →
db:pubmed
Hsu CW, Hsieh JH, Huang R et al.. (2016). "Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs.". Toxicology and applied pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.017 →
db:pubmed
Rattner BA, Horak KE, Lazarus RS et al.. (2015). "Toxicity reference values for chlorophacinone and their application for assessing anticoagulant rodenticide risk to raptors.". Ecotoxicology (London, England). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1418-8 →
db:pubmed
Vein J, Vey D, Fourel I et al.. (2013). "Bioaccumulation of chlorophacinone in strains of rats resistant to anticoagulants.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3367 →
db:pubmed
Vyas NB, Hulse CS, Rice CP. (2012). "Chlorophacinone residues in mammalian prey at a black-tailed prairie dog colony.". Environmental toxicology and chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1968 →
db:pubmed
Ouyang XK, Chen XH, Yan YQ et al.. (2009). "Characterization and determination of chlorophacinone in plasma by ion chromatography coupled with ion trap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.". Biomedical chromatography : BMC. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1148 →
db:pubmed
Sarabia J, Sánchez-Barbudo I, Siqueira W et al.. (2008). "Lesions associated with the plexus venosus subcutaneus collaris of pigeons with chlorophacinone toxicosis.". Avian diseases. https://doi.org/10.1637/8251-020508-Case.1 →
db:pubmed
Papin F, Clarot F, Vicomte C et al.. (2007). "Lethal paradoxical cerebral vein thrombosis due to suspicious anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication with chlorophacinone.". Forensic science international. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.04.003 →
db:pubmed
Radvanyi A, Weaver P, Massari C et al.. (1988). "Effects of chlorophacinone on captive kestrels.". Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01688891 →
db:pubmed
Vogel JJ, de Moerloose P, Bouvier CA et al.. (1988). "[Prolonged anticoagulation following chlorophacinone poisoning].". Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift.
Regulatory status of the substance
This substance is subject to regulatory requirements: hazardous waste management (BDO — national rule, Poland). Details in the \"Regulatory Status (REACH/ECHA/CLP)\" section and on the SDS. Regulatory information — does not restrict purchase in this store.
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
applies to: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗
applies to: EC Number
ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗
applies to: ChEMBL
ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗
applies to: ChemSpider
Further reading
Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value shown on this card.
Extended Bibliography (4)
★★★★★CANONICAL_PAPERS💰 Paywall (probable)✓ verifiedPapin F; Clarot F; Vicomte C et al.. 2007. "Lethal paradoxical cerebral vein thrombosis due to suspicious anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication with chlorophacinone." Forensic science international.link[accessed: 2026-10-11]
★★★★☆CANONICAL_PAPERS💰 Paywall (probable)✓ verifiedHsu CW; Hsieh JH; Huang R et al.. 2016. "Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs." Toxicology and applied pharmacology.link[accessed: 2026-10-11]
★☆☆☆☆CANONICAL_PAPERS❓ ?✓ verifiedOuyang XK; Chen XH; Yan YQ et al.. 2009. "Characterization and determination of chlorophacinone in plasma by ion chromatography coupled with ion trap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry." Biomedical chromatography : BMC.link[accessed: 2026-10-11]
Spectra are fetched on demand from 9 sources. Each spectrum is stored in our database — the next time it is opened there are zero requests to the external API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG for every spectrum without searching.
Type of data: Predicted (calculated by nmrshiftdb2, not measured) — inferred: the source file carries no deposited measurement Basis: the file returned by the NMRShiftDB search-or-predict service is a JCAMP-DX LINK block with spectrometer frequency 0, and its values match no deposited NMRShiftDB spectrum of this compound on record at MolGod.
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About the downloads (Type of data: Predicted (calculated by nmrshiftdb2, not measured) — inferred: the source file carries no deposited measurement) JCAMP: the NMRShiftDB file as received (JCAMP-DX 5.01 text). It is a peak list: chemical shift in ppm. MolGod adds header lines stating the type of data; the values are unchanged. CSV: the same peak list in two columns. The second column repeats the shift value; it is not a signal intensity. Lines starting with # state the type of data. PNG: a picture of the plot above, with the type of data written on it. Use: where signals are expected or were reported (chemical shift positions). Not included or guaranteed: intensities, multiplicities, coupling constants, line shapes, and solvent or temperature unless stated. A predicted list is not a measurement and cannot serve as a reference spectrum for identity or purity testing. Downloads become active after Show.
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IR — Fourier-transform infrared
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MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)
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🔎 Spectrum Search (JCAMP-DX)
Upload a JCAMP-DX file (.jdx, .dx, .jcm) — the system will calculate the cosine similarity against all spectra in the database and display the TOP 10 matches.
📚 Bibliography (Chicago)
McLafferty, Fred W., ed. 2018. Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. 11th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. A reference MS library (~775k spectra).
Stein, Stephen E., and Donald R. Scott. 1994. "Optimization and Testing of Mass Spectral Library Search Algorithms for Compound Identification." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 5 (9): 859–866. The cosine + dot-product algorithm of NIST MS Search.
McDonald, Robert S., and Paul A. Wilks Jr. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. The JCAMP-DX specification (extended to 5.01 for NMR/MS).
McLafferty, Fred W., and František Tureček. 1993. "Interpretation of Mass Spectra." 4th ed. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. Cosine-similarity matching and MS fragmentation — the foundation of the search algorithm.
Sumner, Lloyd W., Alexander Amberg, Dave Barrett, Michael H. Beale, Richard Beger, Clare A. Daykin, Teresa W.-M. Fan, et al. 2007. "Proposed Minimum Reporting Standards for Chemical Analysis." Metabolomics 3 (3): 211–221. MSI Level 1-4 — confidence-level standards for spectral matching.
Stein, Stephen E. 1999. "An Integrated Method for Spectrum Extraction and Compound Identification from Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Data." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10 (8): 770–781. The AMDIS algorithm — deconvolution + library match (NIST).
Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. Encyclopedia entries on spectral library searching.
Smith, Brian C. 2011. "Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. FT-IR and the JCAMP-DX format for transmission spectra.
Larkin, Peter. 2017. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation." 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Principles of IR/Raman library matching and peak preprocessing.
Structural properties
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❓ Frequently asked questions (3)
What is Chlorophacinone?
Chlorophacinone (CAS 3691-35-8) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C23H15ClO3 and a molecular weight of 374.8 g/mol.
Helpful?
What is the CAS number of Chlorophacinone?
The CAS number for Chlorophacinone is 3691-35-8.
Helpful?
What is the chemical formula of Chlorophacinone?
The molecular formula of Chlorophacinone is C23H15ClO3.
Helpful?
➕ Suggest a question
Download structure files
Molecular structure files from the PubChem database (NIH). Compatible with Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, and ChemDraw.
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW
±0.1% (depends on MW precision)
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³
Exact
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ Kelvin
T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15
±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit
T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32
±0.1 °F
Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL
±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimals
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliography (8 authoritative sources)
Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008 → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7 → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗ → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗ → General rules for physical quantities and units
ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗ → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010 → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5 → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.
GHS/CLP classification — Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).
H372 — Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
H400 — Very toxic to aquatic life
H410 — Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
🛡 Precautionary statements (P)
P203 — Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use
P262 — Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing
✓ Harmonised classification pursuant to Annex VI of the CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 (official, binding classification). Index number: 606-014-00-9.
Reference (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "chlorophacinone (ISO); 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)acetyl]-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione, Index No. 606-014-00-9." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
Translations: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, Annexes III and IV. Data: PubChem/NLM.
☢️ Toxicological data (IARC + EPA CTX)
🧬 IARC Carcinogen Classification
IARC classification:
No individual IARC entry for this CAS
No separate IARC monograph in the checked lists — this is NOT confirmation of a lack of carcinogenicity. Check the CLP/GHS classification (CMR / GHS section).
Radke SL, Schrunk DE, Ruane A et al.. (2022). "Acute hemorrhage and death in calves following chlorophacinone exposure.". Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387211069369 [DOI]
Moriceau MA, Lefebvre S, Fourel I et al.. (2020). "Accidental chlorophacinone exposure of lactating ewes: Clinical follow-up and human health dietary implications.". Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111518 [DOI]
Alomar H, Chabert A, Coeurdassier M et al.. (2018). "Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum) in a non-target invertebrate, the slug, Deroceras reticulatum.". The Science of the total environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.117 [DOI]
Witmer GW, Snow NP, Moulton RS. (2016). "Retention time of chlorophacinone in black-tailed prairie dogs informs secondary hazards from a prairie dog rodenticide bait.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4045 [DOI]
Hsu CW, Hsieh JH, Huang R et al.. (2016). "Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs.". Toxicology and applied pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.017 [DOI]
Rattner BA, Horak KE, Lazarus RS et al.. (2015). "Toxicity reference values for chlorophacinone and their application for assessing anticoagulant rodenticide risk to raptors.". Ecotoxicology (London, England). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1418-8 [DOI]
Vein J, Vey D, Fourel I et al.. (2013). "Bioaccumulation of chlorophacinone in strains of rats resistant to anticoagulants.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3367 [DOI]
Vyas NB, Hulse CS, Rice CP. (2012). "Chlorophacinone residues in mammalian prey at a black-tailed prairie dog colony.". Environmental toxicology and chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1968 [DOI]
Ouyang XK, Chen XH, Yan YQ et al.. (2009). "Characterization and determination of chlorophacinone in plasma by ion chromatography coupled with ion trap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.". Biomedical chromatography : BMC. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1148 [DOI]
Sarabia J, Sánchez-Barbudo I, Siqueira W et al.. (2008). "Lesions associated with the plexus venosus subcutaneus collaris of pigeons with chlorophacinone toxicosis.". Avian diseases. https://doi.org/10.1637/8251-020508-Case.1 [DOI]
Papin F, Clarot F, Vicomte C et al.. (2007). "Lethal paradoxical cerebral vein thrombosis due to suspicious anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication with chlorophacinone.". Forensic science international. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.04.003 [DOI]
Radvanyi A, Weaver P, Massari C et al.. (1988). "Effects of chlorophacinone on captive kestrels.". Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01688891 [DOI]
Vogel JJ, de Moerloose P, Bouvier CA et al.. (1988). "[Prolonged anticoagulation following chlorophacinone poisoning].". Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans." Lyon: IARC. 🔗
🚨 Emergency procedure — chemical spillToxic
CAS 3691-35-8GHS:H360DH330H310H300H372(non-binding)H400H410⚠️ EVACUATION (10m)💨 Ventilation
🥽 PPE — Personal protective equipment
Goggles:Yes
Suit:lab coat
Respirator:SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) — EN 137:2006
📦 Small spill (<1L) — absorbent: inert mineral / HEPA-filter vacuum (for dusts)
⚠️ GENERIC procedure derived from the GHS classification (no curated data for this CAS). Always follow the supplier's current Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
1. Restrict access; ventilate.
2. Resistant PPE + respiratory protection (dust: P2/P3 half-mask; vapors: per SDS).
3. Collect mechanically into a sealed, labeled container; minimize dust/vapor generation.
4. Wash the area with water; treat residues and absorbent as hazardous waste.
Additional properties from GHS:
• health hazard (CMR / STOT / aspiration) — minimize exposure
• hazardous to the environment — prevent entry into drains, soil and water
🛢️ Large spill (>1L) ⚠️ Hazardous material
1. Evacuate; entry only in full PPE with respiratory protection.
2. Contain; avoid raising dust and dispersing the substance.
3. Collect mechanically into a labeled UN container; hand over to an authorized company (BDO — national rule, Poland).
4. Report the incident per the OHS procedure; on release to the environment notify the Regional Environmental Inspectorate (WIOŚ) (national rule — Poland).
🩹 First aid
🧴 Skin
1. Remove contaminated clothing.
2. Rinse the skin with plenty of water for ≥15 min.
3. The substance may be absorbed through the skin — monitor symptoms / see a doctor.
👁️ Eyes
1. Rinse with water for ≥15 min, eyelids held open; remove contact lenses.
2. See an ophthalmologist if irritation persists.
🫁 Inhalation
1. Move the casualty to fresh air, comfortable position.
2. If short of breath — oxygen / doctor.
🍽️ Ingestion
1. Rinse the mouth with water; do NOT induce vomiting.
2. Poison Control Center (Poland): +48 42 631 47 24.
🌍 Environment:
Water: High; Soil: Medium; ❌ Do not release into drains; Waste Code: 16 05 06*
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — 8
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets — Section 6: Accidental Release Measures. ECHA.
[link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Hazard classes and H-statements. Official Journal of the European Union L 353.
[link ↗]
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. CDC.
[link ↗]
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2024. 29 CFR 1910.120 — Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.
[link ↗]
National Fire Protection Association. 2018. NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents. NFPA.
[link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2012. Directive 2012/18/EU on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (Seveso III). Official Journal of the European Union L 197: 1–37.
[link ↗]
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2024. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[link ↗]
European Chemicals Agency. 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets (SDS), Version 3.1. ECHA.
[link ↗]
Sources: GHS/CLP classification (PubChem/SDS) — generic fallback · ECHA Guidance on SDS (section 6) · NIOSH Pocket Guide.
Indicative data only — in an emergency, always follow the supplier's instructions and local occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations.
☠️ Visual PPE guide (personal protective equipment)Toxic
🧤 Gloves
Double nitrile (double-glove) >0.2 mm (each layer) EN 374-1 typ B
Replace every 30 min or immediately after contact
👁️ Safety Glasses / Goggles
EN 166 B
Full side protection; sealed goggles for toxic dusts
🥼 Lab Coat / Coverall
Full buttoned lab coat + disposable sleeves EN 13688
Airborne concentration < OEL (NDS) per Dz.U. 2024 item 1017
😷 Respirator Required
P2 half-mask (fine aerosols) or P3 (>10× OEL); full-face mask with A1B1E1K1-P3 filter for toxic organic vapors
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks. CEN, Brussels. EN 374-1:2016. [link ↗] — Classification of chemical-resistant gloves type A/B/C; JKLPT permeation tests
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications. CEN, Brussels. EN 166:2001. [link ↗] — Markings: B = medium-energy impact, T = extreme temperatures, 9 = molten metals and hot solids
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections. CEN, Brussels. EN 14605:2009. [link ↗] — Type 3 (jet-tight) and Type 4 (spray-tight) protection against liquid chemicals
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. [link ↗] — Practical guide to CPC (chemical protective clothing) selection per substance and exposure scenario
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements. U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. 29 CFR 1910.132. [link ↗] — The employer must provide PPE + training + a documented written hazard assessment
ℹ️ Regulatory obligations checklist for CAS 3691-35-8.
Status based on: ADR 2025 (Table A), REACH Annex XVII, CLP Annex VI (harmonised classification), hazard class from the m14-spill DB, SVHC, GIS and the Polish OEL list. Principle: no data = no claim (we do NOT declare "no restrictions" without a basis).
✅SDS (Safety Data Sheet) availablefulfilled
How to comply: Requirement: current SDS compliant with Reg. 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II, 16-section format.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 31 + Annex II
▣Compliant CLP label (pictograms + signal word + H/P)required
How to comply: The label must include: GHS pictograms, the signal word (Danger/Warning), hazard (H) and precautionary (P) statements, and manufacturer details. Required since 2010 (substances) and 2015 (mixtures). For this substance a HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION applies (CLP Annex VI) — see below; it takes precedence over self-classification.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) Art. 17-33 + Annex VI (harmonised classification)
❓ADR transport (international agreement)to be verified
How to comply: No ADR data in the MOL-GOD dataset for this CAS number. Do NOT assume there are no restrictions — before shipping, verify the transport classification in ADR 2025 (Table A) and in section 14 of the safety data sheet (SDS).
Legal basis: ADR 2025 European Agreement + Polish Act of 19 August 2011 on the Transport of Dangerous Goods National rules — Poland
🔵REACH registration (>1 t/year EU import)conditional
How to comply: Importers/manufacturers ≥1 tonne/year must register the substance with ECHA (technical dossier + Chemical Safety Report if ≥10 t). Check the ECHA Annex VI / registered substances list.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 5-22
▣REACH Annex XVII (use/marketing restrictions)required
How to comply: Substance subject to a REACH Annex XVII restriction (entry 28–30): CMR category 1A/1B — not for supply to the general public (professional users only). Check the conditions for placing on the market/use and the note in SDS section 15.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex XVII — restrictions on manufacture, placing on the market and use
⚠️ REACH Annex XVII (entry 28–30): CMR category 1A/1B — not for supply to the general public (professional users only).
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP). Official Journal of the European Union L 353/1. CLP Regulation 1272/2008. [link ↗] — Classification, labelling and packaging of substances + mixtures (GHS implementation in the EU)
European Parliament and Council. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Official Journal of the European Union L 396/1. REACH Regulation 1907/2006. [link ↗] — REACH — registration, evaluation and authorisation of chemicals; SVHC; SDS Annex II
Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2024. Rozporządzenie Ministra Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 4 września 2024 r. w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy. Dziennik Ustaw RP 2024 poz. 1017. National rules — Poland[link ↗] — NDS and NDSCh for ~600 chemical substances — current Polish occupational exposure limits
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2025. European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), 2025 Edition. United Nations, Geneva. ADR 2025. [link ↗] — International agreement on the road transport of dangerous goods — UN numbers, classes, packaging
📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources
References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 3691-35-8 ·
PubChem ↗
Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Regulation (EC) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗]
GHS, Regulations
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗]
GHS
Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8.
First aid, Toxicology
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗]
First aid, PPE, Toxicology
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗]
PPE
UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗]
Disposal, Regulations
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗]
Storage
Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗]
Storage
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. National rules — Poland[↗]
Disposal
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗]
Toxicology
Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.
Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).
Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.
📐 Statistical formulas
x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetic mean
s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — sample variance
s = √s² — standard deviation
RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative standard deviation
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🧪 Solubility and solvent compatibility
Molecule
Chlorophacinone
Formula
C23H15ClO3
logP (XLogP3)
4.30
Mass (g/mol)
374.8
Polarity
Hydrophobic (non-polar)
⚠️ GC estimate (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen). No literature HSP data for this CAS — precision ±2 MPa½. Verify experimentally.
Solvent
Compat.
Ra
Visual
GC-MS
HPLC
Applications
References
Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..
Solubility theory (applied in compatibility prediction):
Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra formula.
Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solvatochromism.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution for dD/dP/dH from SMILES.
Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Complete tabular set of 250+ solvents (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
PubChem Compound Database — CAS 3691-35-8 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.
Full bibliography in the REFERENCES accordion (at the bottom of the page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.
🧮 Solubility calculator
Solubility:—
logS:—
Method:—
⚠️ —
Solubility vs temperature
🌐 Hansen Solubility Sphere (3D)
⚠️ The Hansen parameters for this substance fall outside the range of the method.
At least one of the δD/δP/δH parameters fell outside the domain of validity of the group contribution method (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen), so the position of the molecule in Hansen space is unknown. The distance Ra is measured FROM THAT POINT — it cannot be calculated without knowing the point. The sphere and the distance table have been omitted rather than filled with numbers that have nothing behind them. Where a solubility measurement exists, it is shown in the table below.
Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) Target molecule: δD=outside the method's range,
δP=outside the method's range,
δH=outside the method's range8
Drug-likeness radar chart (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Green zone = compliance with criteria.
Predictive data — properties calculated in silico (SMILES/RDKit). These do not replace clinical studies. Do not use for drug evaluation without experimental verification.
Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
Radke SL, Schrunk DE, Ruane A et al.. (2022). "Acute hemorrhage and death in calves following chlorophacinone exposure.". Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387211069369
Moriceau MA, Lefebvre S, Fourel I et al.. (2020). "Accidental chlorophacinone exposure of lactating ewes: Clinical follow-up and human health dietary implications.". Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111518
Alomar H, Chabert A, Coeurdassier M et al.. (2018). "Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum) in a non-target invertebrate, the slug, Deroceras reticulatum.". The Science of the total environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.117
Witmer GW, Snow NP, Moulton RS. (2016). "Retention time of chlorophacinone in black-tailed prairie dogs informs secondary hazards from a prairie dog rodenticide bait.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4045
Hsu CW, Hsieh JH, Huang R et al.. (2016). "Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs.". Toxicology and applied pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.017
Rattner BA, Horak KE, Lazarus RS et al.. (2015). "Toxicity reference values for chlorophacinone and their application for assessing anticoagulant rodenticide risk to raptors.". Ecotoxicology (London, England). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1418-8
Vein J, Vey D, Fourel I et al.. (2013). "Bioaccumulation of chlorophacinone in strains of rats resistant to anticoagulants.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3367
Vyas NB, Hulse CS, Rice CP. (2012). "Chlorophacinone residues in mammalian prey at a black-tailed prairie dog colony.". Environmental toxicology and chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1968
Ouyang XK, Chen XH, Yan YQ et al.. (2009). "Characterization and determination of chlorophacinone in plasma by ion chromatography coupled with ion trap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.". Biomedical chromatography : BMC. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1148
Sarabia J, Sánchez-Barbudo I, Siqueira W et al.. (2008). "Lesions associated with the plexus venosus subcutaneus collaris of pigeons with chlorophacinone toxicosis.". Avian diseases. https://doi.org/10.1637/8251-020508-Case.1
Papin F, Clarot F, Vicomte C et al.. (2007). "Lethal paradoxical cerebral vein thrombosis due to suspicious anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication with chlorophacinone.". Forensic science international. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.04.003
(2004). "Chlorophacinone 3691‐35‐8". Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp06011
Radvanyi A, Weaver P, Massari C et al.. (1988). "Effects of chlorophacinone on captive kestrels.". Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01688891
Vogel JJ, de Moerloose P, Bouvier CA et al.. (1988). "[Prolonged anticoagulation following chlorophacinone poisoning].". Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift.
Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. [DOI ↗]
Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. [DOI ↗]
Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. [DOI ↗]
Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. [DOI ↗]
Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. [DOI ↗]
Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. [DOI ↗]
Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. [DOI ↗]
Hersey, Anne, et al. 2015. "Chemical databases: curation or integration by user-defined equivalence?" Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 14: 17-24.
Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, Brian R. Smith, Keith W. Ward, and Kenneth D. Kopple. 2002. "Molecular Properties That Influence the Oral Bioavailability of Drug Candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
ECHA. 2024. "REACH Guidance." European Chemicals Agency. ↗
Groom, Colin R., Ian J. Bruno, Matthew P. Lightfoot, and Suzanna C. Ward. 2016. "The Cambridge Structural Database." Acta Crystallographica Section B 72 (2): 171-179. ↗
🧪Solution preparation assistant (Smart Prep)
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Radke SL, Schrunk DE, Ruane A et al. (2022) · Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc
Why it matters:
Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
Moriceau MA, Lefebvre S, Fourel I et al. (2020) · Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
Why it matters:
Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
📊 Automatically extracted topics from the abstracts of 14 publications for CAS 3691-35-8.
Algorithm: TF-IDF (Salton & Buckley 1988) — term frequency × inverse document frequency.
📊 Citation graph for CAS 3691-35-8.
Each node = a research paper; an A→B edge = paper A cites B. Data from OpenAlex (Priem 2022).
⚡ Fetch network data
Network built on-demand from the OpenAlex API (24h cache).
Why this page can be checked
Identity
CAS, EC and molecular formula, resolved across the identifier systems a buyer uses. The count of systems resolved is shown, so you can see how well characterised this substance is rather than assuming.
Data
Every physicochemical value carries the source it came from and the date that source was read. Open any of them.
Classification
Read against the harmonised entry where one exists, with the index number stated. Self-classification is shown separately and labelled.
Regulatory
Inventory, restriction, authorisation and candidate-list status, each stated individually. Where a status is not established, this page says so — it never says no restrictions apply.
Documentation
Which documents exist, at what review level, in which languages, and when each was issued.
Supplier
Who is selling this, and what they have published about themselves.
Nothing on this page is a certification. It is a record you can audit.
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The Gap Report Guarantee
If the available evidence cannot support a defensible document for your CAS number and product specification, we will not invent the missing values. You receive a documented gap report and choose: a refund, store credit, or the report on its own.
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If a signed card is rejected by an authority or by a customer’s compliance officer on one of the points we checked and reported as passed, we re-issue it corrected at no charge and credit the original fee.
This covers the checks we performed and named. It does not cover registration status, tonnage, or your role in the supply chain — those are not ours to hold, and a guarantee that pretended otherwise would be worth nothing.
This page describes the regulatory documentation issued for chlorophacinone (ISO) (CAS 3691-35-8). The item supplied is a document, not the substance.
chlorophacinone (CAS 3691-35-8) at a glance
Substance – chlorophacinone
CAS number – 3691-35-8
EC number – 223-003-0
CLP Annex VI index number – 606-014-00-9
Also known as – 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)acetyl]-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione
Hazard statements – H360D (may damage the unborn child); H330 (fatal if inhaled); H310 (fatal in contact with skin); H300 (fatal if swallowed); H372 (blood) (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure); H400 (very toxic to aquatic life)
Concentration limits / M-factor / ATE – Repr. 1B;H360D: C ≥ 0.003%;STOT RE 1;H372: C ≥ 0.1%;STOT RE 2;H373: 0.01% ≤ C < 0.1%;M = 1;M = 1
Entry current as of – ATP09
CMR classification – yes, classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction
Documentation issued – safety data sheet in REACH Annex II structure; working draft or signed card
What is supplied – a document. MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.
Where is regulatory status recorded for chlorophacinone (ISO)?
Section 15 documents the regulatory status for chlorophacinone, detailing its inclusion on candidate lists, whether it is subject to authorisation or restriction, along with any applicable national regulations. This information is frequently requested by downstream users; providing a concise summary in a single document eliminates repetitive email exchanges with each customer.
Other names for this substance
The same substance appears in trade and in the literature under several names: 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)acetyl]-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione. A safety data sheet has to carry the name used in the harmonised entry, but a purchase order, a customs declaration and a certificate of analysis may each use a different one. Where the names diverge, CAS 3691-35-8 is the identifier that reconciles them — and a document set that relies on trade names alone will eventually be read as describing three different materials.
What Annex VI notes and concentration limits apply to chlorophacinone (ISO)?
The register also records Repr. 1B;H360D: C ≥ 0.003%;STOT RE 1;H372: C ≥ 0.1%;STOT RE 2;H373: 0.01% ≤ C < 0.1%;M = 1;M = 1 for this entry. Specific concentration limits, M-factors and acute toxicity estimates override the generic cut-off values, so a mixture calculation that ignores them will classify the mixture wrongly in both directions.
Is chlorophacinone (ISO) classified as a CMR substance?
CAS 3691-35-8 is classified as a CMR substance (H360D). That status changes the obligations attached to every shipment: workplace exposure documentation, restrictions on supply to the general public, and substitution pressure from downstream users who must justify continued use. A safety data sheet for a CMR substance is read more closely than any other, because the classification itself invites scrutiny.
How is chlorophacinone (ISO) classified for road, sea and air transport?
Carriers and forwarders handling chlorophacinone must review section 14 in relation to the shipping documents prior to loading. If there are discrepancies, the shipment should be halted at the location where rectification would incur the highest cost.
Accidental release and containment
Section 6 addresses the accidental release of chlorophacinone, outlining personal precautions, environmental precautions, and containment methods. When the classification indicates an aquatic hazard, the environmental precautions section transitions from a mere formality to a critical instruction that must be rigorously followed.
In which language must the SDS for chlorophacinone (ISO) be supplied?
A safety data sheet must be supplied in an official language of every Member State where chlorophacinone (ISO) is placed on the market, unless that State has stated otherwise. This is the requirement most often missed by importers who hold a technically correct English document and assume it travels. A sheet in the wrong language is a refusal ground on its own, independent of the accuracy of its content.
What concentration limits apply to chlorophacinone (ISO)?
The harmonised entry for chlorophacinone carries specific concentration limits: H360D: C ≥ 0,003 %; H372 (blood): C ≥ 0,1 %; H373 (blood): 0,01 % ≤ C < 0,1 %. These override the generic cut-off values, so a mixture containing chlorophacinone is classified against these figures and not against the default thresholds. M-factor on record: 1. The M-factor multiplies the contribution of this substance in the aquatic hazard calculation for a mixture, which is where it is most often overlooked.
Which GHS pictograms apply to chlorophacinone (ISO)?
The label for chlorophacinone carries GHS06 (skull and crossbones), GHS08 (health hazard), GHS09 (environment), with the signal word Danger. These are not chosen by the supplier: CLP Annex VI states them for CAS 3691-35-8, and the precedence rules in Annex I decide which pictogram is dropped when two would say the same thing. A label showing a different set from the register is wrong even if every hazard statement on it is correct.
Who is responsible for REACH compliance for chlorophacinone (ISO)?
The responsibility for documentation accompanying chlorophacinone (ISO) lies with the entity introducing it into the Union market, rather than with any external supplier. Importers bear the same obligations as manufacturers, including designating an identifiable EU contact in section 1. A non-EU supplier may appoint a sole representative, but this appointment must be established prior to the movement of goods, not in response to subsequent inquiries.
What must the label for chlorophacinone (ISO) contain?
The supply label for chlorophacinone (ISO) is generated from the same classification that drives the safety data sheet: pictograms selected by precedence, one signal word derived from the highest hazard class present, and the hazard statements H360D, H330, H310… reproduced in full. Where the container is too small to carry the complete set at a legible size, there are lawful ways to handle it and unlawful ones that look identical to a non-specialist.
What is the EC number for chlorophacinone (ISO)?
Alongside CAS 3691-35-8, this substance carries EC number 223-003-0 and Annex VI index 606-014-00-9. European documentation is built around the EC number as often as around the CAS: registration dossiers, the candidate list and customs systems key on it. A safety data sheet quoting only one of the two forces every downstream reader to look up the other.
Can I import chlorophacinone (ISO) into the EU?
Bringing chlorophacinone (ISO) into the Union is a documentation exercise before it is a logistics one. The file has to exist at the moment of import, not at the moment somebody asks for it, and for ketones it is examined in the context of solvent shipments. Index 606-014-00-9 fixes the classification that section 2 must reproduce.
Identifiers that must agree
Identity verification must be conducted prior to hazard assessment. If discrepancies exist between the label, safety data sheet, and certificate regarding the CAS 3691-35-8 number or if the index 606-014-00-9 refers to a location where the name does not match, a reviewer will lose trust in all three documents simultaneously, despite their internal consistency. This is because inconsistencies among these key documentation elements undermine their reliability as a unified source of information.
What is the CLP classification of chlorophacinone (ISO)?
The harmonised classification for CAS 3691-35-8 carries 7 hazard statements: H360D, H330, H310, H300, H372 (blood), H400, H410. In plain terms this means may damage the unborn child; fatal if inhaled; fatal in contact with skin; fatal if swallowed. A harmonised entry is binding across the Union — an importer may not soften it, and a self-classification that diverges from it will not survive an enforcement check.
Questions about documentation for chlorophacinone
Do I need a safety data sheet to import chlorophacinone into the EU?
Yes. A sheet compiled to Annex II of REACH must exist before the first consignment moves, and it must be held by the entity placing the substance on the Union market.
What is the CAS number of chlorophacinone?
CAS 3691-35-8. In CLP Annex VI the same substance carries index number 606-014-00-9, and both identifiers should appear in the documentation.
Is chlorophacinone a CMR substance?
Yes. The harmonised classification places it among substances classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction, which changes workplace documentation and supply restrictions.
What hazard statements apply to CAS 3691-35-8?
The harmonised entry lists H360D, H330, H310, H300. These are binding across the Union and may not be softened by a self-classification.
MolGod.org issues documentation and does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances. CAS 3691-35-8 identifies the subject of this document.
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Full 16-section REACH Annex II structure
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Best for
Seeing what the document will contain before you commit
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Recommended when the document leaves your company✍
Expert-Reviewed SDS
€249.99
Everything in the Working Draft
Reviewed by a competent person under Annex II, section by section
Adapted to your company, product grade and identified use
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Transport section reviewed for the mode you request
Five rounds of corrections applied to your instructions
Within 72 hours of receiving complete input.
Best for
Any document that leaves your company
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If you are unsure, read down the left column and stop at the first line that describes your situation.
What the document is for
Working Draft €49.99
Expert-Reviewed €249.99
Internal drafting and review
Yes
Yes
Checking a sheet a supplier sent you
Yes
Yes
Sent to your customer
Not written for this
Yes
Travels with an export shipment
Not written for this
Yes
Read by an inspector or authority
Not written for this
Yes
Adapted to your company, grade and identified use
No
Yes
Signed and dated by the reviewer
No
Yes
When you get it
Immediately after payment
Within 72 hours of complete input
Nothing stops you sending a draft to anyone. "Not written for this" means exactly that: it carries no signature and no fields adapted to your company, so it will not answer the questions the recipient is about to ask.
What the signature means
Who prepares the document
The document is generated by the MolGod engine from ECHA CLP Annex VI and the cited public sources, then read section by section by a qualified scientific reviewer with a degree in chemistry or a related scientific field.
What the review covers
The sheet is read section by section against the REACH Annex II structure. GHS classification and transport entries are checked against the sources cited in the document, and the sheet is adapted to the company, product grade and identified use you provide.
What is NOT verified
We do not test your material and we cannot confirm what is physically in your container: composition, concentration, impurities or manufacturing route. Those come from you and are reproduced as supplied.
What the signature is — and is not
The signature records that a qualified scientific reviewer read the document. It is not a government approval, not an ECHA approval, and not a legal certification — no such certification exists for safety data sheets in the EU. A signature does not by itself make a document legally valid or make your business compliant.
What you receive
A PDF in the 16-section REACH Annex II structure, signed and dated, with version information and a list of anything we could not establish. Five rounds of corrections are included.
Delivery
Within 72 hours of receiving complete input from you. The clock pauses whenever we are waiting on an answer.
Refunds
Full refund before review begins. If the evidence is insufficient, you choose a refund, store credit or a gap report. See the refund policy.
No fabricated-data guarantee.
If the available evidence is insufficient to support a defensible document for this CAS number and your product specification, we will not invent the missing values. You may choose a refund, store credit or a documented gap report.
The supplier placing the substance or mixture on the market remains responsible for ensuring that the final safety data sheet matches the material, its identified uses and their legal role in the supply chain.
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
Batch management and laboratory certification standards — 13 independent sources (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📜 Patents (public metadata)
no data
No public patent metadata was found for this substance in Crossref / OpenAlex at this time. Data will be updated automatically after the next cache refresh (24h).
📚 References (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
Radke SL, Schrunk DE, Ruane A et al.. (2022). "Acute hemorrhage and death in calves following chlorophacinone exposure.". Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387211069369
Moriceau MA, Lefebvre S, Fourel I et al.. (2020). "Accidental chlorophacinone exposure of lactating ewes: Clinical follow-up and human health dietary implications.". Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111518
Alomar H, Chabert A, Coeurdassier M et al.. (2018). "Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum) in a non-target invertebrate, the slug, Deroceras reticulatum.". The Science of the total environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.117
Witmer GW, Snow NP, Moulton RS. (2016). "Retention time of chlorophacinone in black-tailed prairie dogs informs secondary hazards from a prairie dog rodenticide bait.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4045
Hsu CW, Hsieh JH, Huang R et al.. (2016). "Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs.". Toxicology and applied pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.017
Rattner BA, Horak KE, Lazarus RS et al.. (2015). "Toxicity reference values for chlorophacinone and their application for assessing anticoagulant rodenticide risk to raptors.". Ecotoxicology (London, England). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1418-8
Vein J, Vey D, Fourel I et al.. (2013). "Bioaccumulation of chlorophacinone in strains of rats resistant to anticoagulants.". Pest management science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3367
Vyas NB, Hulse CS, Rice CP. (2012). "Chlorophacinone residues in mammalian prey at a black-tailed prairie dog colony.". Environmental toxicology and chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1968
Ouyang XK, Chen XH, Yan YQ et al.. (2009). "Characterization and determination of chlorophacinone in plasma by ion chromatography coupled with ion trap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.". Biomedical chromatography : BMC. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1148
Sarabia J, Sánchez-Barbudo I, Siqueira W et al.. (2008). "Lesions associated with the plexus venosus subcutaneus collaris of pigeons with chlorophacinone toxicosis.". Avian diseases. https://doi.org/10.1637/8251-020508-Case.1
Papin F, Clarot F, Vicomte C et al.. (2007). "Lethal paradoxical cerebral vein thrombosis due to suspicious anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication with chlorophacinone.". Forensic science international. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.04.003
(2004). "Chlorophacinone 3691‐35‐8". Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp06011
Radvanyi A, Weaver P, Massari C et al.. (1988). "Effects of chlorophacinone on captive kestrels.". Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01688891
Vogel JJ, de Moerloose P, Bouvier CA et al.. (1988). "[Prolonged anticoagulation following chlorophacinone poisoning].". Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift.
World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.
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📚 REFERENCES (Aggregate bibliography, Chicago Author-Date) 78 items
All scientific sources cited in the accordions above for CAS 3691-35-8. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.
AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 3691-35-8. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 3691-35-8. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=3691-35-8.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.
European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
Heckert, N. A., and J. J. Filliben. 2003. "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods." NIST Handbook 151. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.
Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25.
International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/40145.html.
Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2024. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Applicable as from 1 January 2025 (ECE/TRANS/352). Geneva: UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025-edition.
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2020. "Rozporządzenie Ministra Klimatu z dnia 2 stycznia 2020 r. w sprawie katalogu odpadów." Dziennik Ustaw RP 2020 poz. 10. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010. National rules — Poland
Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). 2024. "Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — System rejestracji firm utylizacyjnych." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/. National rules — Poland
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/trs957-annex3.
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. https://picscheme.org/en/publications.
