sodium-CAS-7440-23-5-—-Safety-Data-Sheet CAS_NUMBER 7440-23-5 (en_US)

sodium (CAS 7440-23-5) — Safety Data Sheet

Safety data sheet documentation for sodium (CAS 7440-23-5), compiled to REACH Annex II with classification read against the harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI (H260, H314, EUH014). Two options: a working draft sent by e-mail immediately, or a signed card issued within 72 hours of complete input. The item supplied is a document — MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.

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REACH 2020/878
v4 · 07.09.2026
Download Safety Data Sheet (PDF)CAS 7440-23-5 · PDF · 167 KBWorking draft — not yet reviewed and approved.

Section 9 — physicochemical properties: 8 of 22 established.

We show what is established and name what is not. Classification and identity are complete on every card; section 9 is where public data is thin.

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Documentation available for this substance: safety data sheet · CLP label · certificate of analysis on request · specification. Languages: the official language of your destination market, produced per card.

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What you receive — and what this is not

What you receive

  • A digital PDF safety data sheet in the sixteen-section structure of REACH Annex II (Regulation 1907/2006).
  • Substance identification, hazard classification, physicochemical, toxicological and ecological information, and regulatory references.
  • Classification read against the harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI where one exists for the substance.
  • A version number, a compilation date, and the source behind each value that carries one.
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What this is not

  • Not a chemical substance, not a sample, not any physical goods.
  • Not a certification. No official certification scheme for safety data sheets exists in the European Union.
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Where the available evidence does not support a value, the sheet states that the value is not established rather than estimating one. A field with no recorded source is marked as such.

What is in the buyer pack

Everything your compliance officer will ask for, in one file.

  • The product page as PDF — the record as published, so what you forward matches what you read.
  • The safety data sheet at your entitlement level — sixteen sections in the order set by REACH Annex II, for this substance, in the language you select.
  • The CLP label artwork — generated from the same classification as the sheet, so the two cannot disagree.
  • The specification, and the certificate of analysis where batch data exists.
  • sources.txt — every citation with the date it was read.
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Your European buyer is going to forward this to somebody who was not on the call. The pack exists so that what they forward is complete, self-explanatory and traceable — rather than four attachments and a sentence beginning “I think this is everything”.

SKU: SDS-7440-23-5 Category: Tags: , , , , , , , , ,

These switch the language of this page. Single substances. Mixtures on enquiry. One document, one language — additional languages are priced separately. Every version, including the Chinese one, is written to EU law — (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II and (EU) 2020/878 — and translated from it. The Chinese version is a reference translation, not a legally valid document for the Chinese market: an SDS for China must be compiled separately to GB/T 16483 and GB/T 17519.

🧬 3D Molecule Visualizer
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3D model Sodium, CAS 7440-23-5, molecular formula Na, molar mass 22.9897693 g/mol

Data transcribed from regulatory registers and technical literature, with the source and edition stated. It does not replace the supplier's safety data sheet. Fields without a recorded source are marked as such.

📊 Physicochemical data — CAS 7440-23-5
📊 Physicochemical properties

Quick Reference

Formula: Na
MW: 22.9898 g/mol
CAS: 7440-23-5
Appearance: Light, silvery-white metal; body-centered cubic structure; lustrous when freshly cut; tarnishes on exposure to air, becoming dull and gray; soft at ordinary temperature, fairly hard at -20 °C
🔬 Advanced Properties

Chemical Identifiers

SMILES: [Na]

Last updated: 2026-08-25

Chemical Overview: Sodium
Molecular formulaNa[1]
Molecular weight22.9897693 g/mol[1]
Melting point97.79 °C[1][2]
Boiling point882.78 °C[1][2]
Density0.97 g/cm³[1]
SMILES[Na][1]
InChIKeyKEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]

Synonyms: SODIUM · 7440-23-5 · Natrium · sodium atom · Sodium metal

Data sources: PubChem (NLM/NIH)
Last updated: 2026-08-25

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (2 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ applies to: Molecular formula · Molecular weight · Melting point · Boiling point · Density · SMILES · InChIKey
  2. NIST. Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗ applies to: Melting point · Boiling point

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

[1]PubMed2026
Disorders of Sodium.
Alindogan A, Joseph R. (2026). "Disorders of Sodium.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2025.02.003
Go to full study ↗
[2]PubMed2026
Sodium Correction Rates and Associated Outcomes Among Patients With Severe Hyponatremia : A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Mark DG, Alavi M, Nugent JR et al.. (2026). "Sodium Correction Rates and Associated Outcomes Among Patients With Severe Hyponatremia : A Retrospective Cohort Study.". Annals of internal medicine. http
Go to full study ↗
[3]PubMed2026
Targeting Arrhythmogenic Late Sodium Current by FHF1(A)-Derivative FixR in Heart Failure Cardiomyocytes.
Hegyi B, Angsutararux P, Chakouri N et al.. (2026). "Targeting Arrhythmogenic Late Sodium Current by FHF1(A)-Derivative FixR in Heart Failure Cardiomyocytes.". Circulation research. https://doi.org/10
Go to full study ↗
[4]PubMed2026
Neuronal and astrocytic sodium-calcium exchanger differentially regulates calcium and sodium overload during ischemic stroke.
Hamzei Taj S, Thapaliya PK, Rakers C et al.. (2026). "Neuronal and astrocytic sodium-calcium exchanger differentially regulates calcium and sodium overload during ischemic stroke.". JCI insight. https
Go to full study ↗
[5]PubMed2026
Elevator mechanism dynamics in a sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporter.
Kinz-Thompson CD, Lopez-Redondo ML, Mulligan C et al.. (2026). "Elevator mechanism dynamics in a sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporter.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Unit
Go to full study ↗
[6]PubMed2025
The mechanism of action of digoxin requires the sodium-dependent inactivation of the sodium-calcium exchanger.
Scranton K, John S, Angelini M et al.. (2025). "The mechanism of action of digoxin requires the sodium-dependent inactivation of the sodium-calcium exchanger.". Science advances. https://doi.org/10.11
Go to full study ↗
[7]PubMed2025
Necrosis by sodium overload-associated genes TRPM4 and SLC9A1: biological roles and clinical implications in breast cancer progression.
Zhu Y, Guo Y, Su Y et al.. (2025). "Necrosis by sodium overload-associated genes TRPM4 and SLC9A1: biological roles and clinical implications in breast cancer progression.". Frontiers in immunology. h
Go to full study ↗
[8]PubMed2025
Sodium disrupts mitochondrial energy metabolism to execute NECSO.
Qiao Y, Wang J, Wang B et al.. (2025). "Sodium disrupts mitochondrial energy metabolism to execute NECSO.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67181-x
Go to full study ↗
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) 9 refs · 2 baz

MOLECULE Per-CAS bibliography (live from 13+ databases)

Sources: db:pubmed (8) · db:core (1)

  1. db:pubmed Alindogan A, Joseph R. (2026). "Disorders of Sodium.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2025.02.003 →
  2. db:pubmed Mark DG, Alavi M, Nugent JR et al.. (2026). "Sodium Correction Rates and Associated Outcomes Among Patients With Severe Hyponatremia : A Retrospective Cohort Study.". Annals of internal medicine. https://doi.org/10.7326/ANNALS-25-03676 →
  3. db:pubmed Hegyi B, Angsutararux P, Chakouri N et al.. (2026). "Targeting Arrhythmogenic Late Sodium Current by FHF1(A)-Derivative FixR in Heart Failure Cardiomyocytes.". Circulation research. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.126.328204 →
  4. db:pubmed Hamzei Taj S, Thapaliya PK, Rakers C et al.. (2026). "Neuronal and astrocytic sodium-calcium exchanger differentially regulates calcium and sodium overload during ischemic stroke.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.200411 →
  5. db:pubmed Kinz-Thompson CD, Lopez-Redondo ML, Mulligan C et al.. (2026). "Elevator mechanism dynamics in a sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporter.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2500723123 →
  6. db:pubmed Scranton K, John S, Angelini M et al.. (2025). "The mechanism of action of digoxin requires the sodium-dependent inactivation of the sodium-calcium exchanger.". Science advances. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady9596 →
  7. db:pubmed Zhu Y, Guo Y, Su Y et al.. (2025). "Necrosis by sodium overload-associated genes TRPM4 and SLC9A1: biological roles and clinical implications in breast cancer progression.". Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1623511 →
  8. db:pubmed Qiao Y, Wang J, Wang B et al.. (2025). "Sodium disrupts mitochondrial energy metabolism to execute NECSO.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67181-x →
  9. db:core Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, Laborde, Laurent, Péniguel, Christophe et al.. (2022). "A Review of Models for the Sodium Boiling Phenomena in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Subassemblies". https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051066 →
Regulatory status of the substance
This substance is subject to regulatory requirements: hazardous waste management (BDO — national rule, Poland); transport of dangerous goods (ADR/RID/IMDG). Details in the \"Regulatory Status (REACH/ECHA/CLP)\" section and on the SDS. Regulatory information — does not restrict purchase in this store.
🧮 Stoichiometry Calculator
🧪 Chemical Data
CAS Number
7440-23-5
Molecular formula
Na
Molar mass
22.9897693 g/mol
SMILES
[Na]
InChIKey
KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📡 Data sources

The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
  • ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
  • NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.

⚗️ Physicochemical properties
Temp. wrzenia
882.9
Temp. topnienia
97.8
Density
0.97

Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: 2026-08-25

🔍 External identifiers
5 of 16 ID systems31%
DatabaseIdentifierActions
CAS Registry Number7440-23-5Open →
PubChem CID5360545[1]Open →
InChIKeyKEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1]Open →
InChIInChI=1S/Na[1]
SMILES[Na][1]

Sources: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
  1. PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ applies to: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES

Further reading

Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value shown on this card.

Extended Bibliography (5)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "High Conductivity Zr-Rich Sodium Fluorochloride Catholytes for All Solid-State Sodium Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03723.s001. link [accessed: 2026-10-11] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Interfacial Reactivity Benchmarking of the Sodium Ion Conductors Na3PS4 and Sodium Alumina for Protected Sodium Metal Anodes and Sodium All-Solid-State Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b10119.s001. link [accessed: 2026-10-11] CC0 (metadata)
  3. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Ultrastable All-Solid-State Sodium Rechargeable Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01432.s001. link [accessed: 2026-10-11] CC0 (metadata)
  4. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Amorphization of Sodium Cobalt Oxide Active Materials for High-Capacity All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01872.s001. link [accessed: 2026-10-11] CC0 (metadata)
  5. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Hard Carbon Anode with a Sodium Carborane Electrolyte for Fast-Charging All-Solid-State Sodium-Ion Batteries.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02307.s001. link [accessed: 2026-10-11] CC0 (metadata)
⚛ Atom Visualization — Sodium
Na
Sodium
Sodium
Z = 11 | Alkali metal
Atomic mass
22.99 u
Melting point
97.79 °C
Boiling point
882.94 °C
Density
0.971 g/cm³
Electronegativity
0.93
Group / Period
1 / 3
11 protons
12 neutrons
K: 2e⁻ L: 8e⁻ M: 1e⁻
[Ne] 3s¹
📡 Spectroscopy — CAS 7440-23-5
📊 Spectroscopic spectra databases — inline data 8 sources

Spectra are fetched on demand from 9 sources. Each spectrum is stored in our database — the next time it is opened there are zero requests to the external API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG for every spectrum without searching.

IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Click to load spectrum
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Click to load spectrum
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
UV-Vis UV/Visible Absorption — NIST WebBook
Public domain (US Federal)
▶ Click to load spectrum
🔗 Source
— points
📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (MoNA) MoNA — MassBank of North America
CC-BY 4.0
▶ Click to load spectrum
🔗 Source
— points
📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Reference source — no public API. Open in an external database:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Data is fetched once (JCAMP-DX parser) and stored in the plugin's local database. No duplicate downloads, no NIST queries on subsequent openings. Licences respected (only a deep link plus our own visualisation is published).

🔬 Interactive spectra (live — NIST / MoNA / NMRShiftDB / SDBS) (2)

Data retrieved live from multiple sources (priority chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG available for download under each spectrum.

IR — Fourier-transform infrared

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MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)

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Structural properties

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❓ Frequently asked questions (3)
What is Sodium?
Sodium (CAS 7440-23-5) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Na and a molecular weight of 22.9897693 g/mol.
Helpful?
What is the CAS number of Sodium?
The CAS number for Sodium is 7440-23-5.
Helpful?
What is the chemical formula of Sodium?
The molecular formula of Sodium is Na.
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Download structure files

Molecular structure files from the PubChem database (NIH). Compatible with Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, and ChemDraw.

Source: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 5360545

🔄 Concentration unit converter LIVE

Enter the Sodium concentration in any unit — the rest will be calculated automatically.

MW: 22.9897693 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Conversion formulas + citations (per formula)
ConversionFormulaAccuracySource
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliography (8 authoritative sources)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
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🛡️ Safety — CAS 7440-23-5
Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.

GHS/CLP classification — Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).

⚠️ Danger
GHS02 — Flammable
GHS02 Flammable
GHS05 — Corrosive
GHS05 Corrosive

🚨 Hazard statements (H)

  • H260 — In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
  • H314 — Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
  • EUH014

🛡 Precautionary statements (P)

  • P223 — Do not allow contact with water

✓ Harmonised classification pursuant to Annex VI of the CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 (official, binding classification). Index number: 011-001-00-0.

Reference (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "sodium, Index No. 011-001-00-0." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.

Translations: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, Annexes III and IV. Data: PubChem/NLM.

📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources

References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 7440-23-5 · PubChem ↗

  1. Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Regulation (EC) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Regulations
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
  3. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. First aid, Toxicology
  4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] First aid, PPE, Toxicology
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
  6. UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Disposal, Regulations
  7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Storage
  8. Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Storage
  9. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. National rules — Poland [↗] Disposal
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toxicology

Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.

📈 Analytical statistics (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.
📐 Statistical formulas
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetic mean
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — sample variance
  • s = √s² — standard deviation
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative standard deviation
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — Grubbs' test
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Source: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

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References: pKa values from Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)

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📜 Recipe history (last 10)
🚚 Transport classification (ADR / IATA / IMDG) UN 1428
UN Number
UN 1428
Sodium (metal)
Source: ADR 2025 Tabela A (adr_dangerous_goods.json)

🛣️ ADR Road Transport

Class:
4.3
Packing Group:
I
Shipping name:
Sodium (metal)

Sources: ADR 2025 ↗ · IATA DGR ↗ · IMDG Code ↗

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🧪 Solubility and solvent compatibility
Molecule
Sodium
Formula
Na
logP (XLogP3)
—
Mass (g/mol)
22.9897693
Polarity
—

⚠️ Ionic / inorganic compound — Hansen parameters (δD/δP/δH) do not apply: dissolution is governed by crystal-lattice energy and ion solvation, not molecular cohesion. The HSP block and Hansen sphere are omitted. HSP-dependent columns (Compat./Ra/Visual) are marked "n/a" — base solvent selection on experimental data.

Solvent compatibility table not available for this substance.
The Hansen parameters fall outside the range of the method, so the distance Ra cannot be calculated, and the database holds no solubility measurement to put in its place. Rather than eleven ratings with nothing behind them, we show none. Base the solvent choice on the safety data sheet and on experimental data.
📚 Scientific references for solvents (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

11 solvents · 54 full citations (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS) — below.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. ATSDR n-Hexane — ATSDR Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane — peripheral neuropathy (n-hexane is NOT an IARC carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Solubility theory (applied in compatibility prediction):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra formula.
  3. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solvatochromism.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution for dD/dP/dH from SMILES.
  7. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Complete tabular set of 250+ solvents (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
  8. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 7440-23-5 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Full bibliography in the REFERENCES accordion (at the bottom of the page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Check reaction compatibility
0 0 1 W
Health: 0/4
Flammability: 0/4
Reactivity: 1/4
Special: W
Per NFPA 704 / calculated from H-codes

Check whether Sodium is compatible with another reagent

📦 Storage compatibility matrix
Acids Bases Oxidizers Flammable Toxic Gazy
Acids ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Bases ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Oxidizers ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Flammable ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Toxic ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Can be stored together · ⚠ Caution · ✗ Do NOT store together · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Compatibility data from: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Laboratory calculators (8)
Dilution (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarity (M=n/V)
pH Buffer (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Mass → Moles
Concentration % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperature C↔F↔K

Verified formulas: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Spectroscopic Databases
📋 Laboratory protocol generator

Protocol generated based on: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Label generator (QR)
Sodium• Natrium / sodium atom• CAS: 7440-23-5• EC: 231-132-9• Formula: Na• Mass: 22.9897693 g/molDANGERGHS HAZARD STATEMENTS:H260: In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneouslyH314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damageEUH014: Reacts violently with water.P223: Do not allow contact with waterNonsensia Ltd124-128 City Road, EC1V 2NX London[email protected]molgod.orgBatch No.: Net Mass:
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📚 Scientific literature overview — CAS 7440-23-5
⭐ Key findings (scientific literature) 11 publications
🏆 CAS 7440-23-5 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Liu Y; Hu X; Li J et al. (2022) · Nature communications
    Why it matters: Must-cite (canon)
    SCORE 8.89 Mechanism MUST-CITE Citations: 57 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, Laborde, Laurent, Péniguel, Christophe et al. (2022) · Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science
    Why it matters: Open access
    SCORE 8.56 Mechanism Citations: 7 Open Access DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Muchaamba F; Stoffers H; Blase R et al. (2021) · Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
    Why it matters: Must-cite (canon)
    SCORE 6.64 Pharmacology MUST-CITE Citations: 6 DOI ↗
  4. #4
    Scranton K, John S, Angelini M et al. (2025) · Science advances
    Why it matters: Recent (2025)
    SCORE 4.8 Mechanism DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  5. #5
    Qiao Y, Wang J, Wang B et al. (2025) · Nature communications
    Why it matters: Recent (2025)
    SCORE 4.8 Pharmacology DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  6. #6
    Kinz-Thompson CD, Lopez-Redondo ML, Mulligan C et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Why it matters: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 4.8 Mechanism DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  7. #7
    Alindogan A; Joseph R (2026) · Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
    Why it matters: Must-cite (canon) · recent (2026) · review
    SCORE 4 Review MUST-CITE DOI ↗
  8. #8
    Mark DG, Alavi M, Nugent JR et al. (2026) · Annals of internal medicine
    Why it matters: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 4 Pharmacology DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  9. #9
    Hegyi B, Angsutararux P, Chakouri N et al. (2026) · Circulation research
    Why it matters: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 4 Mechanism DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  10. #10
    Zhu Y, Guo Y, Su Y et al. (2025) · Frontiers in immunology
    Why it matters: Recent (2025)
    SCORE 4 Pharmacology DOI ↗ PubMed ↗
  11. #11
    Hamzei Taj S, Thapaliya PK, Rakers C et al. (2026) · JCI insight
    Why it matters: Recent (2026)
    SCORE 4 Mechanism DOI ↗ PubMed ↗

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This page describes the regulatory documentation issued for sodium (CAS 7440-23-5). The item supplied is a document, not the substance.

sodium (CAS 7440-23-5) at a glance

  • Substance – sodium
  • CAS number – 7440-23-5
  • EC number – 231-132-9
  • CLP Annex VI index number – 011-001-00-0
  • Hazard statements – H260; H314 (causes severe skin burns and eye damage); EUH014
  • Hazard classes – Water-react. 1, Skin Corr. 1B
  • Label pictograms – GHS02, GHS05
  • Signal word – Danger
  • Entry current as of – CLP00
  • CMR classification – not classified as CMR in the harmonised entry
  • Documentation issued – safety data sheet in REACH Annex II structure; working draft or signed card
  • What is supplied – a document. MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.

What must the label for sodium contain?

The supply label for sodium is generated from the same classification that drives the safety data sheet: pictograms selected by precedence, one signal word derived from the highest hazard class present, and the hazard statements H260, H314, EUH014 reproduced in full. Where the container is too small to carry the complete set at a legible size, there are lawful ways to handle it and unlawful ones that look identical to a non-specialist.

What happens if a consignment of sodium is refused?

When a shipment of sodium is detained, the expense is typically not the document itself. It is the storage costs, demurrage fees, and the delay incurred by the customer. This financial calculation underscores the importance of verifying the documentation prior to dispatch rather than after receiving a notification from the border.

Disposal route and waste classification

Section 13 for CAS 7440-23-5 outlines the disposal method and procedures for contaminated packaging. Laboratories are subject to audits to ensure their waste management practices align with the information provided in this section. Any ambiguity or lack of specificity in this section may result in findings against the laboratory rather than the supplier, as it is responsible for adhering to the declared waste stream.

What is the EC number for sodium?

Alongside CAS 7440-23-5, this substance carries EC number 231-132-9 and Annex VI index 011-001-00-0. European documentation is built around the EC number as often as around the CAS: registration dossiers, the candidate list and customs systems key on it. A safety data sheet quoting only one of the two forces every downstream reader to look up the other.

What is the CLP classification of sodium?

The harmonised classification for CAS 7440-23-5 carries 3 hazard statements: H260, H314, EUH014. In plain terms this means H260; causes severe skin burns and eye damage; EUH014. A harmonised entry is binding across the Union — an importer may not soften it, and a self-classification that diverges from it will not survive an enforcement check.

How is sodium classified for road, sea and air transport?

Transport classification for sodium sits in section 14 and differs by mode: ADR for road, IMDG for sea, IATA for air. A sheet that prints all three without stating which applies leaves the shipper to choose, and the shipper is the one penalised for choosing wrong.

What is the UN number for sodium?

For carriage, sodium is assigned UN 1428, transport class 4.3, packing group I. These entries belong in section 14 of the safety data sheet and must match the shipping papers exactly. A consignment where the sheet and the transport document disagree on the UN number is stopped before anyone reads the remaining fifteen sections.

Documentation demand on the EU market

CAS 7440-23-5 has a recorded presence on the European trading market, which means documentation for it is requested routinely rather than exceptionally. Substances that move in commerce attract repeat scrutiny: the same sheet is read by successive customers, carriers and authorities, and a defect that survives the first reading rarely survives the tenth.

Purity, certificates and what the sheet does not say

For CAS 7440-23-5, the differentiation between grades such as technical, reagent, and analytical is documented in the certificate of analysis and the relevant specifications rather than on the safety data sheet. This confusion between the two is the most frequent documentation error observed in laboratory procurement processes.

Why a correct sheet stops being correct

Classification under CLP moves with each Adaptation to Technical Progress. A sheet for CAS 7440-23-5 written before the amendment that touched its entry keeps stating a classification the register no longer holds. Nothing in the document announces this — it reads exactly as it did on the day it was issued, which is precisely why revision dates are checked before content.

Identifiers that must agree

CAS 7440-23-5 and index number 011-001-00-0 are not interchangeable and not decorative. The index number ties the entry to the harmonised classification; the CAS number ties it to the chemical literature. A file carrying one without the other forces every reader to reconstruct the link, and reconstruction is where errors enter.

Which SDS sections decide whether a shipment clears?

A document for CAS 7440-23-5 must follow a specific structure consisting of sixteen sections in the prescribed order, including the required subsections. This format has been established prior to the CLP and continues to be relevant after its implementation. Consequently, adherence to a sixteen-section layout does not necessarily indicate whether the classification information within is up-to-date or current.

Which GHS pictograms apply to sodium?

The label for sodium carries GHS02 (flame), GHS05 (corrosion), with the signal word Danger. These are not chosen by the supplier: CLP Annex VI states them for CAS 7440-23-5, and the precedence rules in Annex I decide which pictogram is dropped when two would say the same thing. A label showing a different set from the register is wrong even if every hazard statement on it is correct.

Who is responsible for REACH compliance for sodium?

Whoever brings sodium across the Union border carries the documentation duty, and it does not transfer back up the supply chain by contract. Section 1 has to name a contactable entity inside the Union: a foreign address there is treated as no address at all, and it is among the first things an inspector verifies because it takes seconds.

Where is regulatory status recorded for sodium?

The existence of additional obligations beyond classification for CAS 7440-23-5, such as inclusion in the candidate list, authorisation, or restrictions, should be addressed in section 15. As customers increasingly require a written statement regarding these obligations prior to placing an order, this section serves as the appropriate location to provide clarity on the matter.

Questions about documentation for sodium

In which language must the sheet be supplied?

In an official language of each Member State where sodium is placed on the market, unless that State has stated otherwise.

Can I check whether my existing sheet is still valid?

Yes. A section-by-section reading against Annex II and the current harmonised entry establishes that in one pass, and a sheet that passes is reported as passing.

Do I need a safety data sheet to import sodium into the EU?

Yes. A sheet compiled to Annex II of REACH must exist before the first consignment moves, and it must be held by the entity placing the substance on the Union market.

What is the CAS number of sodium?

CAS 7440-23-5. In CLP Annex VI the same substance carries index number 011-001-00-0, and both identifiers should appear in the documentation.

MolGod.org issues documentation and does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances. CAS 7440-23-5 identifies the subject of this document.

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Recommended when the document leaves your company

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What the document is for Working Draft
€49.99		 Expert-Reviewed
€249.99
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Sent to your customer Not written for thisYes
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Related products

📄 Certificates of Analysis (CoA) CAS 7440-23-5 none

No certificates for this product in the database.

📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand

Batch management and laboratory certification standards — 13 independent sources (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).

  1. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
  3. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
  4. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
  5. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
  6. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
  7. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
  9. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
  12. Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
  13. International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📜 Patents (public metadata) no data

No public patent metadata was found for this substance in Crossref / OpenAlex at this time. Data will be updated automatically after the next cache refresh (24h).

📚 References (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
  1. Alindogan A, Joseph R. (2026). "Disorders of Sodium.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2025.02.003
  2. Mark DG, Alavi M, Nugent JR et al.. (2026). "Sodium Correction Rates and Associated Outcomes Among Patients With Severe Hyponatremia : A Retrospective Cohort Study.". Annals of internal medicine. https://doi.org/10.7326/ANNALS-25-03676
  3. Hegyi B, Angsutararux P, Chakouri N et al.. (2026). "Targeting Arrhythmogenic Late Sodium Current by FHF1(A)-Derivative FixR in Heart Failure Cardiomyocytes.". Circulation research. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.126.328204
  4. Hamzei Taj S, Thapaliya PK, Rakers C et al.. (2026). "Neuronal and astrocytic sodium-calcium exchanger differentially regulates calcium and sodium overload during ischemic stroke.". JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.200411
  5. Kinz-Thompson CD, Lopez-Redondo ML, Mulligan C et al.. (2026). "Elevator mechanism dynamics in a sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporter.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2500723123
  6. Scranton K, John S, Angelini M et al.. (2025). "The mechanism of action of digoxin requires the sodium-dependent inactivation of the sodium-calcium exchanger.". Science advances. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady9596
  7. Zhu Y, Guo Y, Su Y et al.. (2025). "Necrosis by sodium overload-associated genes TRPM4 and SLC9A1: biological roles and clinical implications in breast cancer progression.". Frontiers in immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1623511
  8. Qiao Y, Wang J, Wang B et al.. (2025). "Sodium disrupts mitochondrial energy metabolism to execute NECSO.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67181-x
  9. Tsige-Tamirat, Haileyesus, Laborde, Laurent, Péniguel, Christophe et al.. (2022). "A Review of Models for the Sodium Boiling Phenomena in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Subassemblies". https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051066
  10. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
  11. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
  12. European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
  13. Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
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📚 REFERENCES (Aggregate bibliography, Chicago Author-Date) 78 items

All scientific sources cited in the accordions above for CAS 7440-23-5. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Scientific databases

  1. PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7440-23-5. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
  2. NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 7440-23-5. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=7440-23-5.
  3. AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7440-23-5. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
  4. Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.

📐 Standards / Guidelines

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
  3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
  4. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
  5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
  6. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
  7. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
  8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
  9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.

📖 Books

  1. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  2. Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
  4. Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  5. Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.

📄 Scientific articles (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
  2. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Websites

  1. ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
  3. ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
  5. ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  6. ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  7. United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  8. ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  9. ECHA — Annex VI to CLP (harmonised classification, ATP 23; 2026-07-07) https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
  10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  11. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
  12. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2022. "ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2022_1130.pdf.
  13. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1996. "ICH Q3A: Impurities in New Drug Substances." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  14. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  15. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  16. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  17. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  18. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
  19. International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
  20. Heckert, N. A., and J. J. Filliben. 2003. "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods." NIST Handbook 151. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.
  21. Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
  22. Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
  23. Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
  24. Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25.
  25. International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/40145.html.
  26. Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855.
  27. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2024. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Applicable as from 1 January 2025 (ECE/TRANS/352). Geneva: UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025-edition.
  28. International Air Transport Association. 2026. Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). 67th ed. Montreal: IATA. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/.
  29. International Maritime Organization. 2024. International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, 2024 Edition (Amendment 42-24). London: IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods-default.aspx.
  30. United Nations. 2025. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations (Orange Book). 24th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.24. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-model-regulations.
  31. International Civil Aviation Organization. 2025. Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284). 2025–2026 ed. Montreal: ICAO. https://www.icao.int/safety/DangerousGoods/Pages/technical-instructions.aspx.
  32. European Commission. 2014. "Commission Decision 2014/955/EU on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC." Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014D0955.
  33. Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2020. "Rozporządzenie Ministra Klimatu z dnia 2 stycznia 2020 r. w sprawie katalogu odpadów." Dziennik Ustaw RP 2020 poz. 10. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010. National rules — Poland
  34. Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). 2024. "Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — System rejestracji firm utylizacyjnych." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/. National rules — Poland
  35. Polska — Sejm RP. 2012. "Ustawa z dnia 14 grudnia 2012 r. o odpadach." Dz.U. 2013 poz. 21 (z późn. zm.). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20130000021. National rules — Poland
  36. Furr, A. Keith, ed.. 2000. "CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety." CRC Press.
  37. Pohanish, Richard P.. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." Elsevier.
  38. Lewis, Richard J.. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." Wiley.
  39. NIOSH. 2024. "Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
  40. OSHA. 2024. "Occupational Chemical Database — Hazardous Waste Operations (HAZWOPER)." Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata.
  41. European Parliament and Council. 2008. "Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive)." Official Journal of the European Union L 312/3. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098.
  42. European Parliament and Council. 2009. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures." Official Journal of the European Union L 353. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R1272.
  43. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/standards/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025.
  44. IPCS INCHEM. 2024. "International Programme on Chemical Safety — Waste Management Guidelines." WHO/UNEP/ILO. https://www.inchem.org/.
  45. European Parliament and Council. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste." Official Journal of the European Union L 190: 1–98. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006R1013.
  46. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q7%20Guideline.pdf.
  47. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  48. World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/trs957-annex3.
  49. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  50. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
  51. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q6A%20Guideline.pdf.
  52. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q10%20Guideline.pdf.
  53. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-211.
  54. European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-process-validation-finished-products-information-data-be-provided-regulatory-submissions-revision-1_en.pdf.
  55. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
  56. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
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📜 License & provenancePREDICTED MODEL · NOT VERIFIED
PREDICTED MODEL — NOT VERIFIED
computed by MolGod Scientific · experimental feature (beta) · may contain errors

No source 3-D conformer was available to MolGod for this substance. MolGod Scientific computed this geometry from the structural formula with RDKit 2026.03.6 (no conformer embedding or force-field optimisation was needed: the substance consists of single-atom ions only, whose arrangement is a presentation convention). It is not a measured structure, it does not come from PubChem, and it has not been compared with experimental data. It shows one possible conformation.

Methods and references
  1. RDKit: Open-source cheminformatics, version 2026.03.6. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.22140358 (all versions: doi:10.5281/zenodo.591637)
  2. Heller SR, McNaught A, Pletnev I, Stein S, Tchekhovskoi D. InChI, the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier. J. Cheminform. 2015, 7, 23. doi:10.1186/s13321-015-0068-4
  3. Kim S, Chen J, Cheng T, et al. PubChem 2025 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025, 53, D1516-D1525. doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1059 Compound record: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5360545
Model
Sodium · 7440-23-5
InChIKey
KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
License & provenance record
Sodium (CAS 7440-23-5) →
MolGod molecule record
Sodium →
Source data
PubChem CID 5360545 ↗
Model information
not published yet

This license applies to the MolGod-created STL mesh, not automatically to third-party source material.