Safety data sheet documentation for potassium (CAS 7440-09-7), compiled to REACH Annex II with classification read against the harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI (H260, H314, EUH014). Two options: a working draft sent by e-mail immediately, or a signed card issued within 72 hours of complete input. The item supplied is a document — MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.
Free, and generated automatically from the sources listed on this page. No person has reviewed it, and it describes the substance in general — not your material, your process or your intended market.
Section 9 — physicochemical properties: 6 of 22 established.
We show what is established and name what is not. Classification and identity are complete on every card; section 9 is where public data is thin.
Identity, structure, physical and chemical properties, analytical data and the literature — every value with the source it came from and the date that source was read. The full record is in the data sections further down this page.
Identity CAS · EC · IUPAC · synonyms · molecular formula · molecular weight
Structure 2D · 3D · SMILES · InChI · InChIKey
Physical melting point · boiling point · density · vapour pressure · solubility
Chemical reactivity · stability · incompatible materials
Analytical spectra and methods where available
References literature, with DOI where a DOI exists
Identifier coverage is shown as a count, not as a quality rating. It tells you how well characterised this substance is in public data — which is a different question from how good it is, and a more useful one when you are deciding whether the documentation behind it can be defended.
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Documentation available for this substance: safety data sheet · CLP label · certificate of analysis on request · specification. Languages: the official language of your destination market, produced per card.
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What a compliance officer checks, and where it sits in the document. The values themselves are in the regulatory sections further down.
Classification harmonised entry with index number where one exists; self-classification shown separately and labelled, never merged
Hazard statements the official text, in the page language
Precautionary statements combined statements reproduced whole, never split
Pictograms and signal word
Inventory status per jurisdiction, each stated individually
Restrictions entry and scope where one applies
Authorisation entry and sunset date where one applies
Candidate list status and the supply-chain duty it triggers
Transport entry per mode — road, sea, air
Exposure limits per country, each naming the act it comes from
Document status revision date and the amendment in force when issued
Fields with no established status say so. This page never states that no restrictions apply — absence from a dataset is not clearance, and a document that treats it as clearance is the most dangerous kind of document in this field.
A digital PDF safety data sheet in the sixteen-section structure of REACH Annex II (Regulation 1907/2006).
Substance identification, hazard classification, physicochemical, toxicological and ecological information, and regulatory references.
Classification read against the harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI where one exists for the substance.
A version number, a compilation date, and the source behind each value that carries one.
Delivery by e-mail. Nothing is shipped.
What this is not
Not a chemical substance, not a sample, not any physical goods.
Not a certification. No official certification scheme for safety data sheets exists in the European Union.
Not legal approval, and not a guarantee of compliance in any jurisdiction.
Not a substitute for your own regulatory assessment, nor for the safety data sheet supplied by the manufacturer or importer of the substance you actually hold.
Not adapted to a specific workplace, process or national annex unless you provide that information.
Where the available evidence does not support a value, the sheet states that the value is not established rather than estimating one. A field with no recorded source is marked as such.
What is in the buyer pack
Everything your compliance officer will ask for, in one file.
The product page as PDF — the record as published, so what you forward matches what you read.
The safety data sheet at your entitlement level — sixteen sections in the order set by REACH Annex II, for this substance, in the language you select.
The CLP label artwork — generated from the same classification as the sheet, so the two cannot disagree.
The specification, and the certificate of analysis where batch data exists.
sources.txt — every citation with the date it was read.
An explicit list of what we could not establish — fields marked unavailable rather than filled with an estimate. This is the honest part of the document and we do not hide it in a footnote.
Your European buyer is going to forward this to somebody who was not on the call. The pack exists so that what they forward is complete, self-explanatory and traceable — rather than four attachments and a sentence beginning “I think this is everything”.
These switch the language of this page. Single substances. Mixtures on enquiry. One document, one language — additional languages are priced separately. Every version, including the Chinese one, is written to EU law — (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II and (EU) 2020/878 — and translated from it. The Chinese version is a reference translation, not a legally valid document for the Chinese market: an SDS for China must be compiled separately to GB/T 16483 and GB/T 17519.
3D model Potassium, CAS 7440-09-7, molecular formula K, molar mass 39.0983 g/mol
Data transcribed from regulatory registers and technical literature, with the source and edition stated. It does not replace the supplier's safety data sheet. Fields without a recorded source are marked as such.
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
applies to: Melting point · Boiling point · Density (ρ)
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
applies to: Molecular formula · Molecular weight · Melting point · Boiling point · Density · SMILES · InChIKey
Piner A, Spangler R. (2026). "Disorders of Potassium.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2025.02.014
Ono R, Chimura M, Docherty KF et al.. (2026). "Optimal serum potassium concentrations in heart failure: an individual patient data meta-analysis.". European heart journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurh
Villanueva S, Vera E, Apablaza T et al.. (2026). "Potassium Channels of the Airway Epithelium.". Acta physiologica (Oxford, England). https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.70287
Lin C, Lin CS, Chen SJ et al.. (2026). "AI-enabled electrocardiogram alert for potassium imbalance treatment: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/
Siakabanze C, Luwaya E, Muchaili L et al.. (2025). "Integrated mechanisms linking sodium-potassium imbalance to salt-sensitive hypertension.". Physiological reports. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.7071
MOLECULE
Per-CAS bibliography (live from 13+ databases)
Sources: db:pubmed (6) · db:crossref (1)
db:pubmed
Hoorn EJ, Subramanya AR, Boyd-Shiwarski CR. (2026). "Potassium and the kidney.". Nature reviews. Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-026-01053-5 →
db:pubmed
Piner A, Spangler R. (2026). "Disorders of Potassium.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2025.02.014 →
db:pubmed
Ono R, Chimura M, Docherty KF et al.. (2026). "Optimal serum potassium concentrations in heart failure: an individual patient data meta-analysis.". European heart journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehag341 →
db:pubmed
Villanueva S, Vera E, Apablaza T et al.. (2026). "Potassium Channels of the Airway Epithelium.". Acta physiologica (Oxford, England). https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.70287 →
db:pubmed
Lin C, Lin CS, Chen SJ et al.. (2026). "AI-enabled electrocardiogram alert for potassium imbalance treatment: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66394-4 →
db:pubmed
Siakabanze C, Luwaya E, Muchaili L et al.. (2025). "Integrated mechanisms linking sodium-potassium imbalance to salt-sensitive hypertension.". Physiological reports. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70715 →
This substance is subject to regulatory requirements: hazardous waste management (BDO — national rule, Poland); transport of dangerous goods (ADR/RID/IMDG). Details in the \"Regulatory Status (REACH/ECHA/CLP)\" section and on the SDS. Regulatory information — does not restrict purchase in this store.
🧮 Stoichiometry Calculator
🧪 Chemical Data
CAS Number
7440-09-7
Molecular formula
K
Molar mass
39.0983 g/mol
SMILES
[K]
InChIKey
ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📡 Data sources
The data in this widget comes from the following verified scientific sources:
PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
ChEMBL — European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), UK
NIST WebBook — National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA
Data is cached locally for speed — the widget also works offline.
⚗️ Physicochemical properties
Temp. wrzenia
763.9
Density
0.861
Source: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Last updated: 2026-08-25
Spectra are fetched on demand from 9 sources. Each spectrum is stored in our database — the next time it is opened there are zero requests to the external API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG for every spectrum without searching.
Data is fetched once (JCAMP-DX parser) and stored in the plugin's local database. No duplicate downloads, no NIST queries on subsequent openings. Licences respected (only a deep link plus our own visualisation is published).
Data retrieved live from multiple sources (priority chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG available for download under each spectrum.
IR — Fourier-transform infrared
Loading IR — Fourier-transform infrared…
MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)
Loading MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)…
NMR spectrum — not applicable (inorganic compound)
For CAS 7440-09-7, the structure contains no carbon atoms or C–H bonds. 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy applies to organic compounds — for an inorganic substance (salt, mineral acid), predicting 1H/13C shifts is not applicable.
🔎 Spectrum Search (JCAMP-DX)
Upload a JCAMP-DX file (.jdx, .dx, .jcm) — the system will calculate the cosine similarity against all spectra in the database and display the TOP 10 matches.
📚 Bibliography (Chicago)
McLafferty, Fred W., ed. 2018. Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. 11th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. A reference MS library (~775k spectra).
Stein, Stephen E., and Donald R. Scott. 1994. "Optimization and Testing of Mass Spectral Library Search Algorithms for Compound Identification." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 5 (9): 859–866. The cosine + dot-product algorithm of NIST MS Search.
McDonald, Robert S., and Paul A. Wilks Jr. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. The JCAMP-DX specification (extended to 5.01 for NMR/MS).
McLafferty, Fred W., and František Tureček. 1993. "Interpretation of Mass Spectra." 4th ed. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. Cosine-similarity matching and MS fragmentation — the foundation of the search algorithm.
Sumner, Lloyd W., Alexander Amberg, Dave Barrett, Michael H. Beale, Richard Beger, Clare A. Daykin, Teresa W.-M. Fan, et al. 2007. "Proposed Minimum Reporting Standards for Chemical Analysis." Metabolomics 3 (3): 211–221. MSI Level 1-4 — confidence-level standards for spectral matching.
Stein, Stephen E. 1999. "An Integrated Method for Spectrum Extraction and Compound Identification from Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Data." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10 (8): 770–781. The AMDIS algorithm — deconvolution + library match (NIST).
Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. Encyclopedia entries on spectral library searching.
Smith, Brian C. 2011. "Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. FT-IR and the JCAMP-DX format for transmission spectra.
Larkin, Peter. 2017. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation." 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Principles of IR/Raman library matching and peak preprocessing.
Structural properties
Loading structural data...
❓ Frequently asked questions (3)
What is Potassium?
Potassium (CAS 7440-09-7) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula K and a molecular weight of 39.0983 g/mol.
Helpful?
What is the CAS number of Potassium?
The CAS number for Potassium is 7440-09-7.
Helpful?
What is the chemical formula of Potassium?
The molecular formula of Potassium is K.
Helpful?
➕ Suggest a question
Download structure files
Molecular structure files from the PubChem database (NIH). Compatible with Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, and ChemDraw.
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW
±0.1% (depends on MW precision)
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³
Exact
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ Kelvin
T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15
±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit
T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32
±0.1 °F
Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL
±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimals
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliography (8 authoritative sources)
Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008 → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7 → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗ → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗ → General rules for physical quantities and units
ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗ → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010 → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5 → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.
GHS/CLP classification — Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).
⚠️ Danger
🔥GHS02Flammable🧪GHS05Corrosive
🚨 Hazard statements (H)
H260 — In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H314 — Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
EUH014
🛡 Precautionary statements (P)
P223 — Do not allow contact with water
✓ Harmonised classification pursuant to Annex VI of the CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 (official, binding classification). Index number: 019-001-00-2.
Reference (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "potassium, Index No. 019-001-00-2." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
Translations: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, Annexes III and IV. Data: PubChem/NLM.
☢️ Toxicological data (IARC + EPA CTX)
🧬 IARC Carcinogen Classification
IARC classification:
No individual IARC entry for this CAS
No separate IARC monograph in the checked lists — this is NOT confirmation of a lack of carcinogenicity. Check the CLP/GHS classification (CMR / GHS section).
🌍 Ecotoxicology & environmental fate (SDS sec. 8/12)
ED — animal studies (sec. 11.2):
(hormonal) (Gallus gallus) [https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-120-2-692] — source: US EPA ECOTOX (evidence of effect, not a regulatory ED classification).
Source: U.S. EPA ECOTOX Knowledgebase — https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/
📚 Sources:
IARC Monographs (WHO) Last verified: 2026-08-25
Hoorn EJ, Subramanya AR, Boyd-Shiwarski CR. (2026). "Potassium and the kidney.". Nature reviews. Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-026-01053-5 [DOI]
Piner A, Spangler R. (2026). "Disorders of Potassium.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2025.02.014 [DOI]
Ono R, Chimura M, Docherty KF et al.. (2026). "Optimal serum potassium concentrations in heart failure: an individual patient data meta-analysis.". European heart journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehag341 [DOI]
Villanueva S, Vera E, Apablaza T et al.. (2026). "Potassium Channels of the Airway Epithelium.". Acta physiologica (Oxford, England). https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.70287 [DOI]
Lin C, Lin CS, Chen SJ et al.. (2026). "AI-enabled electrocardiogram alert for potassium imbalance treatment: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66394-4 [DOI]
Siakabanze C, Luwaya E, Muchaili L et al.. (2025). "Integrated mechanisms linking sodium-potassium imbalance to salt-sensitive hypertension.". Physiological reports. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70715 [DOI]
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans." Lyon: IARC. 🔗
U.S. EPA. 2024. "ECOTOX Knowledgebase." Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 🔗
ECHA. 2024. "Chemical Safety Assessment." European Chemicals Agency. 🔗
U.S. National Toxicology Program. 2024. Report on Carcinogens. 15th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 🔗
GESTIS. 2024. "GESTIS Substance Database." Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV). 🔗
U.S. EPA. 2024. "CompTox Chemicals Dashboard." Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 🔗
ECHA. 2023. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP), Annex VI — Harmonised Classification." European Chemicals Agency. 🔗
Leist, Marcel, et al. 2014. "Consensus Report on the Future of Animal-Free Systemic Toxicity Testing." ALTEX 31 (3): 341–356. [DOI]
⚠️ GENERIC procedure derived from the GHS classification (no curated data for this CAS). Always follow the supplier's current Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
1. Remove ignition sources; no sparking or open flames.
2. Ventilate to disperse vapors; use grounded, spark-proof tools.
3. Cover with a non-combustible absorbent; collect into a vented / UN container.
4. Wash the area with water; treat residues and absorbent as hazardous waste.
Additional properties from GHS:
• corrosive (e.g. H314) — protect skin and eyes, neutralize
🛢️ Large spill (>1L) ⚠️ Hazardous material
1. Evacuate; eliminate all ignition sources, monitor vapor concentration (LEL).
2. Full antistatic PPE; spark-proof equipment. Extinguishing: foam/powder/CO2 — NOT a water jet.
3. Collect mechanically into a labeled UN container; hand over to an authorized company (BDO — national rule, Poland).
4. Report the incident per the OHS procedure; on release to the environment notify the Regional Environmental Inspectorate (WIOŚ) (national rule — Poland).
🩹 First aid
🧴 Skin
1. Remove contaminated clothing.
2. Rinse the skin with plenty of water for ≥15 min.
3. Do NOT neutralize on the skin; burns → hospital.
👁️ Eyes
1. Rinse IMMEDIATELY for ≥30 min, eyelids held open; remove contact lenses.
2. ALWAYS see an ophthalmologist.
🫁 Inhalation
1. Move the casualty to fresh air, comfortable position.
2. If short of breath — oxygen / doctor.
3. Delayed pulmonary edema possible — observe.
🍽️ Ingestion
1. Rinse the mouth with water; do NOT induce vomiting.
2. Poison Control Center (Poland): +48 42 631 47 24.
3. Drink water/milk; do NOT give NaHCO3 (CO2 → perforation risk).
🌍 Environment:
Water: Medium; Soil: Low; ❌ Do not release into drains; Waste Code: 16 05 06*
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — 8
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets — Section 6: Accidental Release Measures. ECHA.
[link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Hazard classes and H-statements. Official Journal of the European Union L 353.
[link ↗]
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. CDC.
[link ↗]
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2024. 29 CFR 1910.120 — Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.
[link ↗]
National Fire Protection Association. 2018. NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents. NFPA.
[link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2012. Directive 2012/18/EU on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (Seveso III). Official Journal of the European Union L 197: 1–37.
[link ↗]
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2024. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[link ↗]
European Chemicals Agency. 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets (SDS), Version 3.1. ECHA.
[link ↗]
Sources: GHS/CLP classification (PubChem/SDS) — generic fallback · ECHA Guidance on SDS (section 6) · NIOSH Pocket Guide.
Indicative data only — in an emergency, always follow the supplier's instructions and local occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations.
🧪 Visual PPE guide (personal protective equipment)Corrosive (acids)
🧤 Gloves
Butyl rubber >0.6 mm EN 374-1 typ A (JKLPT)
Nitrile is NOT sufficient for concentrated acids (HCl >20%, H2SO4, HNO3)
👁️ Safety Glasses / Goggles
EN 166 B/T
Full side protection + thermal resistance; chemical-resistant (category 3 chemical splash)
🥼 Lab Coat / Coverall
PVC apron + cotton lab coat underneath EN 14605 typ PB[3]
For concentrated acids: type 3 chemical coverall (liquid spray)
All operations under a fume hood; HCl/HNO3 vapors strongly corrosive to mucous membranes
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks. CEN, Brussels. EN 374-1:2016. [link ↗] — Classification of chemical-resistant gloves type A/B/C; JKLPT permeation tests
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications. CEN, Brussels. EN 166:2001. [link ↗] — Markings: B = medium-energy impact, T = extreme temperatures, 9 = molten metals and hot solids
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections. CEN, Brussels. EN 14605:2009. [link ↗] — Type 3 (jet-tight) and Type 4 (spray-tight) protection against liquid chemicals
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. [link ↗] — Practical guide to CPC (chemical protective clothing) selection per substance and exposure scenario
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements. U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. 29 CFR 1910.132. [link ↗] — The employer must provide PPE + training + a documented written hazard assessment
ℹ️ Regulatory obligations checklist for CAS 7440-09-7.
Status based on: ADR 2025 (Table A), REACH Annex XVII, CLP Annex VI (harmonised classification), hazard class from the m14-spill DB, SVHC, GIS and the Polish OEL list. Principle: no data = no claim (we do NOT declare "no restrictions" without a basis).
✅SDS (Safety Data Sheet) availablefulfilled
How to comply: Requirement: current SDS compliant with Reg. 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II, 16-section format.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 31 + Annex II
▣Compliant CLP label (pictograms + signal word + H/P)required
How to comply: The label must include: GHS pictograms, the signal word (Danger/Warning), hazard (H) and precautionary (P) statements, and manufacturer details. Required since 2010 (substances) and 2015 (mixtures). For this substance a HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION applies (CLP Annex VI) — see below; it takes precedence over self-classification.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) Art. 17-33 + Annex VI (harmonised classification)
How to comply: Road transport compliant with ADR 2025: Class 4.3, UN 2257, PG I. Required: DGSA safety adviser certificate, class + UN labels, transport documents, packaging compliant with Chapter 6.
Legal basis: ADR 2025 European Agreement + Polish Act of 19 August 2011 on the Transport of Dangerous Goods National rules — Poland
🔵REACH registration (>1 t/year EU import)conditional
How to comply: Importers/manufacturers ≥1 tonne/year must register the substance with ECHA (technical dossier + Chemical Safety Report if ≥10 t). Check the ECHA Annex VI / registered substances list.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 5-22
⚪REACH Annex XVII (use/marketing restrictions)not applicable
How to comply: Checked against the harmonised classification (CLP Annex VI): the substance has no CMR category 1A/1B classification, so it is NOT subject to the general ban on sale to the general public under entries 28–30 of Annex XVII. NOTE: specific (non-CMR) Annex XVII entries are not covered by the MOL-GOD dataset (incomplete dataset) — if in doubt, check the consolidated Annex XVII on the ECHA website.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex XVII — restrictions on manufacture, placing on the market and use
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP). Official Journal of the European Union L 353/1. CLP Regulation 1272/2008. [link ↗] — Classification, labelling and packaging of substances + mixtures (GHS implementation in the EU)
European Parliament and Council. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Official Journal of the European Union L 396/1. REACH Regulation 1907/2006. [link ↗] — REACH — registration, evaluation and authorisation of chemicals; SVHC; SDS Annex II
Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2024. Rozporządzenie Ministra Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 4 września 2024 r. w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy. Dziennik Ustaw RP 2024 poz. 1017. National rules — Poland[link ↗] — NDS and NDSCh for ~600 chemical substances — current Polish occupational exposure limits
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2025. European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), 2025 Edition. United Nations, Geneva. ADR 2025. [link ↗] — International agreement on the road transport of dangerous goods — UN numbers, classes, packaging
📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources
References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 7440-09-7 ·
PubChem ↗
Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Regulation (EC) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗]
GHS, Regulations
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗]
GHS
Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8.
First aid, Toxicology
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗]
First aid, PPE, Toxicology
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗]
PPE
UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗]
Disposal, Regulations
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗]
Storage
Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗]
Storage
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. National rules — Poland[↗]
Disposal
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗]
Toxicology
Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.
Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).
Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.
📐 Statistical formulas
x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetic mean
s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — sample variance
s = √s² — standard deviation
RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative standard deviation
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🧪 Solubility and solvent compatibility
Molecule
Potassium
Formula
K
logP (XLogP3)
—
Mass (g/mol)
39.0983
Polarity
—
⚠️ Ionic / inorganic compound — Hansen parameters (δD/δP/δH) do not apply: dissolution is governed by crystal-lattice energy and ion solvation, not molecular cohesion. The HSP block and Hansen sphere are omitted. HSP-dependent columns (Compat./Ra/Visual) are marked "n/a" — base solvent selection on experimental data.
Solvent compatibility table not available for this substance.
The Hansen parameters fall outside the range of the method, so the distance Ra cannot be calculated, and the database holds no solubility measurement to put in its place. Rather than eleven ratings with nothing behind them, we show none. Base the solvent choice on the safety data sheet and on experimental data.
Solubility theory (applied in compatibility prediction):
Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra formula.
Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solvatochromism.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution for dD/dP/dH from SMILES.
Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Complete tabular set of 250+ solvents (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
PubChem Compound Database — CAS 7440-09-7 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.
Full bibliography in the REFERENCES accordion (at the bottom of the page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.
🧮 Solubility calculator
Solubility:—
logS:—
Method:—
⚠️ —
Solubility vs temperature
🌐 Hansen Solubility Sphere (3D)
⚠️ Hansen parameters do not apply to ionic compounds / inorganic salts.
Salt dissolution is governed by crystal lattice energy and ion solvation, not by the molecular cohesion described by δD/δP/δH. The HSP triplet and the Hansen sphere have been omitted — for this substance they would be an estimate without physical basis (rather than a literature value). Base solvent selection on experimental data: solubility in water and water-organic systems.
Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) Target molecule: δD=n/d,
δP=n/d,
δH=n/d— ionic compound: Hansen parameters do not apply
📊 Automatically extracted topics from the abstracts of 7 publications for CAS 7440-09-7.
Algorithm: TF-IDF (Salton & Buckley 1988) — term frequency × inverse document frequency.
imbalance 2
🔍 Ranking details (TF-IDF)
Tag
TF
DF
IDF
Score
imbalance
2
2
1.981
3.962
🔗 Citation network7 seed papers
📊 Citation graph for CAS 7440-09-7.
Each node = a research paper; an A→B edge = paper A cites B. Data from OpenAlex (Priem 2022).
⚡ Fetch network data
Network built on-demand from the OpenAlex API (24h cache).
Why this page can be checked
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Classification
Read against the harmonised entry where one exists, with the index number stated. Self-classification is shown separately and labelled.
Regulatory
Inventory, restriction, authorisation and candidate-list status, each stated individually. Where a status is not established, this page says so — it never says no restrictions apply.
Documentation
Which documents exist, at what review level, in which languages, and when each was issued.
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Who is selling this, and what they have published about themselves.
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Import documentation for CAS 7440-09-7 (potassium), compiled from the binding classification rather than from a supplier’s summary. The product is the document.
potassium (CAS 7440-09-7) at a glance
Substance – potassium
CAS number – 7440-09-7
EC number – 231-119-8
CLP Annex VI index number – 019-001-00-2
Hazard statements – H260; H314 (causes severe skin burns and eye damage); EUH014
Hazard classes – Water-react. 1, Skin Corr. 1B
Label pictograms – GHS02, GHS05
Signal word – Danger
Entry current as of – CLP00
CMR classification – not classified as CMR in the harmonised entry
Documentation issued – safety data sheet in REACH Annex II structure; working draft or signed card
What is supplied – a document. MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.
Storage and handling in the document
A stores manager handling CAS 7440-09-7 reads section 7 before anything else: what it may be kept next to, what atmosphere it needs, and whether the classification triggers a segregation rule. Those answers have to be in the document, not in a supplier email.
Why a correct sheet stops being correct
Classification under CLP moves with each Adaptation to Technical Progress. A sheet for CAS 7440-09-7 written before the amendment that touched its entry keeps stating a classification the register no longer holds. Nothing in the document announces this — it reads exactly as it did on the day it was issued, which is precisely why revision dates are checked before content.
Accidental release and containment
Section 6 addresses the accidental release of potassium, outlining personal precautions, environmental precautions, and containment methods. When the classification indicates an aquatic hazard, the environmental precautions section transitions from a mere formality to a critical instruction that must be rigorously followed.
What is the EC number for potassium?
Alongside CAS 7440-09-7, this substance carries EC number 231-119-8 and Annex VI index 019-001-00-2. European documentation is built around the EC number as often as around the CAS: registration dossiers, the candidate list and customs systems key on it. A safety data sheet quoting only one of the two forces every downstream reader to look up the other.
Which GHS pictograms apply to potassium?
The label for potassium carries GHS02 (flame), GHS05 (corrosion), with the signal word Danger. These are not chosen by the supplier: CLP Annex VI states them for CAS 7440-09-7, and the precedence rules in Annex I decide which pictogram is dropped when two would say the same thing. A label showing a different set from the register is wrong even if every hazard statement on it is correct.
Identifiers that must agree
Identity verification must be conducted prior to hazard assessment. If discrepancies exist between the label, safety data sheet, and certificate regarding the CAS 7440-09-7 number or if the index 019-001-00-2 refers to a location where the name does not match, a reviewer will lose trust in all three documents simultaneously, despite their internal consistency. This is because inconsistencies among these key documentation elements undermine their reliability as a unified source of information.
What is the UN number for potassium?
For carriage, potassium is assigned UN 2257, transport class 4.3, packing group I. These entries belong in section 14 of the safety data sheet and must match the shipping papers exactly. A consignment where the sheet and the transport document disagree on the UN number is stopped before anyone reads the remaining fifteen sections.
Where is regulatory status recorded for potassium?
Section 15 records regulatory status for potassium: whether it appears on the candidate list, whether it is subject to authorisation or restriction, and any national provisions. Downstream users ask this question routinely, and a sheet that answers it saves an exchange of emails per customer.
First-aid content and why it is read first
Section 4 covers first-aid measures for potassium by route of exposure: inhalation, skin, eye and ingestion, each answered separately. Generic advice to ‘seek medical attention’ in all four is the most common defect, and it is the one that matters at the moment somebody needs the sheet.
How do I check if my SDS for potassium is still valid?
If a sheet for potassium is already in circulation, the useful first question is not whether to replace it but whether it is wrong, and if so in which section. Defects repeat across a catalogue, so three documents usually reveal what three hundred need.
What is the CLP classification of potassium?
The harmonised classification for CAS 7440-09-7 carries 3 hazard statements: H260, H314, EUH014. In plain terms this means H260; causes severe skin burns and eye damage; EUH014. A harmonised entry is binding across the Union — an importer may not soften it, and a self-classification that diverges from it will not survive an enforcement check.
What must the label for potassium contain?
The supply label for potassium is generated from the same classification that drives the safety data sheet: pictograms selected by precedence, one signal word derived from the highest hazard class present, and the hazard statements H260, H314, EUH014 reproduced in full. Where the container is too small to carry the complete set at a legible size, there are lawful ways to handle it and unlawful ones that look identical to a non-specialist.
Purity, certificates and what the sheet does not say
The purity grade is determined by a certificate of analysis rather than a safety data sheet. The safety data sheet for potassium provides information about the substance itself, while a certificate of analysis specifically details a particular batch, including measured results against the specification and the analytical method used for each parameter. Laboratories typically request both documents when they refer to ‘the COA’.
How is potassium classified for road, sea and air transport?
Carriers and forwarders handling potassium must review section 14 in relation to the shipping documents prior to loading. If there are discrepancies, the shipment should be halted at the location where rectification would incur the highest cost.
Can I import potassium into the EU?
The introduction of potassium into the Union necessitates the preparation of documentation prior to logistical arrangements. The documentation file must be available at the time of import, not merely upon request; for this purpose, substances listed in CLP Annex VI is assessed within the context of regulated consignments. Index 019-001-00-2 establishes the classification that Section 2 must reflect accordingly.
Questions about documentation for potassium
What hazard statements apply to CAS 7440-09-7?
The harmonised entry lists H260, H314, EUH014. These are binding across the Union and may not be softened by a self-classification.
In which language must the sheet be supplied?
In an official language of each Member State where potassium is placed on the market, unless that State has stated otherwise.
Can I check whether my existing sheet is still valid?
Yes. A section-by-section reading against Annex II and the current harmonised entry establishes that in one pass, and a sheet that passes is reported as passing.
Do I need a safety data sheet to import potassium into the EU?
Yes. A sheet compiled to Annex II of REACH must exist before the first consignment moves, and it must be held by the entity placing the substance on the Union market.
MolGod.org issues documentation and does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances. CAS 7440-09-7 identifies the subject of this document.
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Expert-Reviewed SDS
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Everything in the Working Draft
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If you are unsure, read down the left column and stop at the first line that describes your situation.
What the document is for
Working Draft €49.99
Expert-Reviewed €249.99
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Nothing stops you sending a draft to anyone. "Not written for this" means exactly that: it carries no signature and no fields adapted to your company, so it will not answer the questions the recipient is about to ask.
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Who prepares the document
The document is generated by the MolGod engine from ECHA CLP Annex VI and the cited public sources, then read section by section by a qualified scientific reviewer with a degree in chemistry or a related scientific field.
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The sheet is read section by section against the REACH Annex II structure. GHS classification and transport entries are checked against the sources cited in the document, and the sheet is adapted to the company, product grade and identified use you provide.
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We do not test your material and we cannot confirm what is physically in your container: composition, concentration, impurities or manufacturing route. Those come from you and are reproduced as supplied.
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The signature records that a qualified scientific reviewer read the document. It is not a government approval, not an ECHA approval, and not a legal certification — no such certification exists for safety data sheets in the EU. A signature does not by itself make a document legally valid or make your business compliant.
What you receive
A PDF in the 16-section REACH Annex II structure, signed and dated, with version information and a list of anything we could not establish. Five rounds of corrections are included.
Delivery
Within 72 hours of receiving complete input from you. The clock pauses whenever we are waiting on an answer.
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Full refund before review begins. If the evidence is insufficient, you choose a refund, store credit or a gap report. See the refund policy.
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If the available evidence is insufficient to support a defensible document for this CAS number and your product specification, we will not invent the missing values. You may choose a refund, store credit or a documented gap report.
The supplier placing the substance or mixture on the market remains responsible for ensuring that the final safety data sheet matches the material, its identified uses and their legal role in the supply chain.
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
Batch management and laboratory certification standards — 13 independent sources (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📜 Patents (public metadata)
no data
No public patent metadata was found for this substance in Crossref / OpenAlex at this time. Data will be updated automatically after the next cache refresh (24h).
📚 References (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
Hoorn EJ, Subramanya AR, Boyd-Shiwarski CR. (2026). "Potassium and the kidney.". Nature reviews. Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-026-01053-5
Piner A, Spangler R. (2026). "Disorders of Potassium.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2025.02.014
Ono R, Chimura M, Docherty KF et al.. (2026). "Optimal serum potassium concentrations in heart failure: an individual patient data meta-analysis.". European heart journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehag341
Villanueva S, Vera E, Apablaza T et al.. (2026). "Potassium Channels of the Airway Epithelium.". Acta physiologica (Oxford, England). https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.70287
Lin C, Lin CS, Chen SJ et al.. (2026). "AI-enabled electrocardiogram alert for potassium imbalance treatment: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.". Nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66394-4
Siakabanze C, Luwaya E, Muchaili L et al.. (2025). "Integrated mechanisms linking sodium-potassium imbalance to salt-sensitive hypertension.". Physiological reports. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70715
(2004). "Potassium 7440‐09‐7". Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp21145
World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.
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📚 REFERENCES (Aggregate bibliography, Chicago Author-Date) 78 items
All scientific sources cited in the accordions above for CAS 7440-09-7. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.
🗄️ Scientific databases
PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 7440-09-7. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine.
AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 7440-09-7. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
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📜 License & provenancePREDICTED MODEL · NOT VERIFIED
PREDICTED MODEL — NOT VERIFIED computed by MolGod Scientific · experimental feature (beta) · may contain errors
No source 3-D conformer was available to MolGod for this substance. MolGod Scientific computed this geometry from the structural formula with RDKit 2026.03.6 (no conformer embedding or force-field optimisation was needed: the substance consists of single-atom ions only, whose arrangement is a presentation convention). It is not a measured structure, it does not come from PubChem, and it has not been compared with experimental data. It shows one possible conformation.
Methods and references
RDKit: Open-source cheminformatics, version 2026.03.6. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.22140358 (all versions: doi:10.5281/zenodo.591637)
Heller SR, McNaught A, Pletnev I, Stein S, Tchekhovskoi D. InChI, the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier. J. Cheminform. 2015, 7, 23. doi:10.1186/s13321-015-0068-4
