Ethyl Acetate (CAS 141-78-6)
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China Ethyl Acetate Supplier, Manufacturer – Factory Direct Price. CAS 141-78-6.
Free, and generated automatically from the sources listed on this page. No person has reviewed it, and it describes the substance in general — not your material, your process or your intended market.
Section 9 — physicochemical properties: 14 of 22 established.
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Données transcrites à partir de registres réglementaires et de la littérature spécialisée, avec indication de la source et de l'édition. Elles ne remplacent pas la fiche de données de sécurité du fournisseur. Les champs sans source enregistrée sont signalés comme tels.
📊 Données physicochimiques — CAS 141-78-6
Propriétés physicochimiques
Aperçu rapide
Propriétés détaillées
Uzupełnienie tabeli „Physicochemical properties (baza danych)” poniżej — powtórzone wartości pokazujemy tylko raz.
| Propriété | Valeur | Unité | Conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indice de réfraction (nD) | 1.3724[1] | 20 °C, D-line | Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987) |
🔬 Propriétés avancées
Identifiants chimiques
CCOC(=O)C Sources de données : Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987) (ISBN 9780070517998)
Dernière mise à jour : 2026-09-02
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (1 sources)
- PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Indice de réfraction (nD)
Aperçu chimique: Ethyl Acetate
| Formule brute | C4H8O2[1] |
| Masse moléculaire | 88.11 g/mol[1] |
| Point de fusion | -83.6 °C[1][2][3] |
| Point d'ébullition | 77.1 °C (760 mmHg)[1][2][3] |
| Densité | 0.9003 g/cm³[1][2] |
| LogP (lipophilie) | 0.73[1] |
| Nom IUPAC | ethyl acetate[1] |
| SMILES | CCOC(=O)C[1] |
| InChIKey | XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N[1] |
Synonymes: ETHYL ACETATE · 141-78-6 · Ethyl ethanoate · Acetic acid ethyl ester · Vinegar naphtha
Sources de données : PubChem (NLM/NIH), Reid, Prausnitz, Poling 4th ed. (1987)
Dernière mise à jour : 2026-09-25
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) (3 sources)
- PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗ dotyczy: Formule brute · Masse moléculaire · Point de fusion · Point d'ébullition · Densité · LogP (lipophilie) · Nom IUPAC · SMILES · InChIKey
- DECHEMA, PTB, and BAM. CHEMSAFE - Database of Evaluated Safety Characteristics for the Avoidance of Explosions. Frankfurt am Main: DECHEMA e.V.; Braunschweig/Berlin: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt and Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung. ↗ dotyczy: Point de fusion · Point d'ébullition · Densité
- NIST. Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗ dotyczy: Point de fusion · Point d'ébullition
RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE
📚 Références scientifiques (Chicago Author-Date) 23 refs · 2 baz
MOLECULE Bibliographie par CAS (en direct depuis 13+ bases de données)
Sources : db:pubmed (10) · db:Europe PMC (14)
- db:pubmed Zhu W, Chen R, Wu L et al.. (2026). "Ethyl acetate fraction from Dendrobium officinale inhibits IL-17A signaling pathway to mitigate acute lung injury.". Journal of ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2026.121176 →
- db:pubmed Zeng J, Tang Y, Zhao A et al.. (2026). "Ethyl acetate fraction of Chaidangbo prescription (EAFC) improves hippocampal neural plasticity in CUMS mice: involving glucocorticoid receptors and Akt-related signaling pathway.". Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158411 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "The Role of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Phyllanthus amarus in Down-Regulation of Allergic Inflammatory Responses.". https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111806 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Ethyl acetate extract from Platycladus orientalis leaves ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via alleviating oxidative stress and suppressing myocardial fibrosis.". https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1771512 →
- db:Europe PMC (2026). "2-(Propyloxy)ethyl acetate: MAK Value Documentation, addendum - Translation of the German version from 2024.". https://doi.org/10.34865/mb280730e11_1ad →
- db:Europe PMC (2026). "A Safe Natural Alternative to Phenylthiourea: Ethyl Acetate Extract of Alchemilla vulgaris for Zebrafish Embryo Depigmentation.". https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19050714 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Experimental and Modeling Assessment of Polyphenol Solubility in Alcohol + Ethyl Acetate Mixtures for Extraction Applications.". https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10953 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "A non-conventional biodiesel process route from waste palm fatty acid distillate and ethyl acetate via esterification.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41785-9 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "In Vitro and In Silico Investigations of Antifungal Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Various Species of Swertia Against Aspergillus fumigatus.". https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.71468 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Antibacterial and toxicological evaluation of (E)-2-((3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)oxy)ethyl acetate.". https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.302367 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Fluorination Site and Degree Regulate the Decomposition of Fluorinated Ethyl Acetate Solvents on Lithium Metal: A First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Study.". https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130810 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2026). "Ethyl acetate extract of Elephantopus mollis Kunth. induced apoptosis, senescence, and inhibited metastasis-associated traits of human lung cancer cells.". https://doi.org/10.4103/rps.rps_115_25 →
- db:pubmed Yu Q, Shao P, Liu X et al.. (2025). "Ethyl acetate extract of Sargentodoxa cuneata and Patrinia villosa alleviates pelvic inflammation by shifting macrophages polarization.". Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157345 →
- db:pubmed Liu Y, Yu T, Liu M et al.. (2025). "Artemisia argyi ethyl acetate fraction suppresses ovarian cancer progression via JUN/MAPK10 signaling: An integrated multi-omics investigation.". Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157533 →
- db:pubmed Zhao M, Zeng L, Zhou Y et al.. (2025). "Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit by Facilitating the PHGDH-Dependent Astrocyte-Neuron Serine Shuttle in Aging Mice.". Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12077 →
- db:pubmed Liu MJ, Xu ZP, Guan YQ et al.. (2025). "Ethyl acetate fraction of Thesium chinense Turcz. alleviates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through inhibition of ferroptosis mediated by activating Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis.". Journal of ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118776 →
- db:pubmed Suryaningtyas IT, Jung WK, Lee SJ et al.. (2025). "Salicornia europaea L. Ethyl Acetate Fraction Induces Adipocyte Browning and Exhibits Anti-Obesity Effect in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes.". Chemistry & biodiversity. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202501190 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Direct Conversion of Ethanol to Ethyl Acetate by Dynamic Polyoxometalate/Carbon Nanohorn Electrocatalytic Interfaces.". https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c10817 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Toxicity Profile of Plectranthus glandulosus Hook. F. (Lamiaceae) Aqueous Extract, Hydro-Ethanolic Extract, and Ethyl Acetate Fraction.". https://doi.org/10.1155/bri/7453400 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Exploring a Water-Ethyl Acetate System for the Efficient Synthesis of 4-Aryl Quinolines.". https://doi.org/10.1002/open.202400470 →
- db:Europe PMC et al.. (2025). "Mycochemistry, antioxidant activity and anticancer potentiality of ethyl acetate extract of Daldinia eschscholtzii against A549 lung cancer cell line.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22756-y →
- db:pubmed Zhang S, Hou B, Xu A et al.. (2024). "Ganlu formula ethyl acetate extract (GLEE) blocked the development of experimental arthritis by inhibiting NLRP3 activation and reducing M1 type macrophage polarization.". Journal of ethnopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118377 →
- db:pubmed Williams ES, Ryder VE. (2023). "Spaceflight Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Ethyl Acetate.". Aerospace medicine and human performance. https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6057.2023 →
📡 Spectroscopie — CAS 141-78-6
Bases de données de spectres spectroscopiques — données inline 9 sources
Les spectres sont récupérés à la demande depuis 9 sources. Chaque spectre est enregistré dans notre base — la prochaine ouverture = zéro requête vers l'API externe. Téléchargez JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG pour chaque spectre sans avoir à chercher.
Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :
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🔗 WHO INN →Source de référence — pas d'API publique. Ouvrir dans une base externe :
🔗 DOAJ →🛡️ Sécurité — CAS 141-78-6
Classification GHS/CLP — Règlement (CE) n° 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).
🚨 Mentions de danger (H)
- H225 — Liquide et vapeurs très inflammables.
- H336 — Peut provoquer somnolence ou vertiges.
- H319 — Provoque une sévère irritation des yeux.
- EUH066
🛡 Conseils de prudence (P)
- P210 — Tenir à l'écart de la chaleur, des surfaces chaudes, des étincelles, des flammes nues et de toute autre source d'inflammation. Ne pas fumer.
✓ Classification harmonisée conformément à l'annexe VI du règlement CLP (CE) 1272/2008 (classification officielle, contraignante). Numéro d'index : 607-022-00-5.
Référence (Chicago) : European Chemicals Agency. "ethyl acetate, Index No. 607-022-00-5." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
Traductions : Règlement CLP (CE) 1272/2008, Annexe III et IV. Données : PubChem/NLM.
📚 Références scientifiques consolidées — Chicago auteur-date 10 sources
Références collectées dans tous les onglets du Safety Hub. CAS : 141-78-6 ·
PubChem ↗
- Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Regulation (EC) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗] GHS, Réglementations
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] GHS
- Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8. Pierwsza pomoc, Toksykologia
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗] Pierwsza pomoc, PPE, Toksykologia
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗] PPE
- UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗] Utylizacja, Regulacje
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗] Magazynowanie
- Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗] Magazynowanie
- Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. [↗] Utylizacja
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗] Toksykologia
Les onglets possédant leurs propres références (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contiennent des entrées bibliographiques supplémentaires au sein de leurs sections respectives.
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Classification pour le transport (ADR / IATA / IMDG) UN 1173
🛣️ ADR Transport routier
- Classe:
- 3 — Materiały ciekłe zapalne
- Groupe d'emballage:
- II
- Désignation d'expédition:
- ETHYL ACETATE
Sources : ADR 2025 ↗ · IATA DGR ↗ · IMDG Code ↗
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📚 Aperçu de la littérature scientifique — CAS 141-78-6
⭐ Principales découvertes (littérature scientifique) 19 publications
141-78-6
— multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% citations · 20% actualité · 20% thème · 15% historique · 15% open access.
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#1et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical SocietyPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2025) · open access
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#2Chao Cheng, Yang Cong, Cunbin Du et al. (2016) · The Journal of Chemical ThermodynamicsPourquoi c'est important : 104 citations
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#3et al. (2026) · Scientific ReportsPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#4et al. (2025) · Scientific ReportsPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2025) · open access
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#5et al. (2026) · MoleculesPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#6et al. (2026) · Frontiers in PharmacologyPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#7et al. (2026) · Brazilian Journal of BiologyPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#8et al. (2025) · ChemistryOpenPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2025) · open access
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#9et al. (2025) · Biochemistry Research InternationalPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2025) · open access
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#10Muhammad Farooq Khan; Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan (2026) · PharmaceuticalsPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#11et al. (2026) · ACS OmegaPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#12et al. (2026) · Chemistry & BiodiversityPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#13et al. (2026) · NanomaterialsPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#14et al. (2026) · Research in Pharmaceutical SciencesPourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026) · open access
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#15Anandhabhairavi N, Shanthi M, Chinniah C et al. (2021) · Madras Agricultural JournalPourquoi c'est important : Open access
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#16(2026)Pourquoi c'est important : Récente (2026)
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#17Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D et al. (2022) · Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research AssociationPourquoi c'est important : Sélectionné par un score multicritère (citations + actualité + thème + historique + OA).
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#18Zhang S, Guo F, Yan W et al. (2020) · Applied microbiology and biotechnologyPourquoi c'est important : Revue
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#19Löser C, Urit T, Bley T (2014) · Applied microbiology and biotechnologyPourquoi c'est important : Revue
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Read against the harmonised entry where one exists, with the index number stated. Self-classification is shown separately and labelled.
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China Ethyl Acetate Supplier, Manufacturer – Factory Direct Price — CAS 141-78-6. Listed by Nanjing Dotachem. Prepared from the supplier’s public catalogue; not verified against their internal data.
📚 RÉFÉRENCES (Bibliographie agrégée, Chicago Author-Date) 78 éléments
Toutes les sources scientifiques citées dans les accordéons ci-dessus pour le CAS 141-78-6. Format : Chicago Manual of Style, 17e éd., système Auteur-Date.
🗄️ Bases de données scientifiques
- NIST. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: CAS 141-78-6. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=141-78-6.
- AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 141-78-6. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
- Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
- PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 141-78-6. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=141-78-6.
📐 Normes / Lignes directrices
- ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2024. "NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=30.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2023. "29 CFR 1910.106 — Flammable Liquids." U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Register. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.106.
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:38536,6080&cs=1B0DAA8B85DF42E4A2C70E5D71F0BFA32.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. "EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:6541&cs=1F1A4E0A78C4DB6A28DBE2E8C29D89DCF.
- European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. "EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections." CEN, Brussels. https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=CEN:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:21581&cs=1A04A2D3C7CC58E9E6CB58D55F7EBFB7E.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. "Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements." U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132.
📖 Livres
- Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
- Barton, Allan F. M. 1991. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters: 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Solubility-Parameters-and-Other-Cohesion-Parameters/Barton/p/book/9780849301766.
- Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
- Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
- Urben, Peter G. 2017. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier, Oxford. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780081010594.
📄 Articles scientifiques (évalués par les pairs)
- Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
- Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.
🌐 Sites web
- ECHA. 2023. "Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
- European Parliament. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH)." Official Journal of the European Union L 396: 1–849.
- ECHA. 2023. "Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
- European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
- ECHA. 2017. "Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets." Version 3.1. European Chemicals Agency. ECHA-17-G-01-EN. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
- ECHA. 2022. "Restrictions Under REACH — Annex XVII." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
- United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
- ECHA. 2020. "Understanding REACH." European Chemicals Agency. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
- ECHA — Zalacznik VI do CLP (klasyfikacja zharmonizowana, ATP 23; 2026-07-07) https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
- European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
- International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2022. "ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2022_1130.pdf.
- International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1996. "ICH Q3A: Impurities in New Drug Substances." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
- International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
- Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
- Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
- Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf.
- International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/11834.html.
- Heckert, N. A., and J. J. Filliben. 2003. "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods." NIST Handbook 151. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.
- Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58.
- Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506.
- Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
- Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25.
- International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/40145.html.
- Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2024. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), Applicable as from 1 January 2025 (ECE/TRANS/352). Geneva: UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025-edition.
- International Air Transport Association. 2026. Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). 67th ed. Montreal: IATA. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/.
- International Maritime Organization. 2024. International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, 2024 Edition (Amendment 42-24). London: IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods-default.aspx.
- United Nations. 2025. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations (Orange Book). 24th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.24. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-model-regulations.
- International Civil Aviation Organization. 2025. Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284). 2025–2026 ed. Montreal: ICAO. https://www.icao.int/safety/DangerousGoods/Pages/technical-instructions.aspx.
- European Commission. 2014. "Commission Decision 2014/955/EU on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC." Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014D0955.
- Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2020. "Rozporządzenie Ministra Klimatu z dnia 2 stycznia 2020 r. w sprawie katalogu odpadów." Dziennik Ustaw RP 2020 poz. 10. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010.
- Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). 2024. "Baza Danych O Odpadach (BDO) — System rejestracji firm utylizacyjnych." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/.
- Polska — Sejm RP. 2012. "Ustawa z dnia 14 grudnia 2012 r. o odpadach." Dz.U. 2013 poz. 21 (z późn. zm.). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20130000021.
- Furr, A. Keith, ed.. 2000. "CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety." CRC Press.
- Pohanish, Richard P.. 2017. "Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens." Elsevier.
- Lewis, Richard J.. 2012. "Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials." Wiley.
- NIOSH. 2024. "Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
- OSHA. 2024. "Occupational Chemical Database — Hazardous Waste Operations (HAZWOPER)." Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata.
- European Parliament and Council. 2008. "Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive)." Official Journal of the European Union L 312/3. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098.
- European Parliament and Council. 2009. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures." Official Journal of the European Union L 353. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008R1272.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2023. "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." UNECE. https://unece.org/transport/standards/transport/dangerous-goods/adr-2025.
- IPCS INCHEM. 2024. "International Programme on Chemical Safety — Waste Management Guidelines." WHO/UNEP/ILO. https://www.inchem.org/.
- European Parliament and Council. 2006. "Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste." Official Journal of the European Union L 190: 1–98. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006R1013.
- International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q7%20Guideline.pdf.
- International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
- World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/trs957-annex3.
- International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
- International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q3A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.
- International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q6A%20Guideline.pdf.
- International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q10%20Guideline.pdf.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-211.
- European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-process-validation-finished-products-information-data-be-provided-regulatory-submissions-revision-1_en.pdf.
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
- European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. https://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-ph-eur-11th-edition.
- Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. https://picscheme.org/en/publications.
- International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. https://ipecamericas.org/sites/default/files/IPECPQGGMPGuide2017.pdf.

