1,2-dichloroethane (CAS 107-06-2) — Safety Data Sheet
IARC Group 2B — Possibly carcinogenic to humans
CAS: 107-06-2 | IARC source
US · TSCACA · DSL (toxic)MolGod Score: Primary
Safety data sheet documentation for 1,2-dichloroethane (CAS 107-06-2), compiled to REACH Annex II with classification read against the harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI (H225, H350, H302, H335). Two options: a working draft sent by e-mail immediately, or a signed card issued within 72 hours of complete input. The item supplied is a document — MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.
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Section 9 — physicochemical properties: 12 of 22 established.
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Structure 2D · 3D · SMILES · InChI · InChIKey
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sources.txt — every citation with the date it was read.
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3D model 1,2-Dichloroethane, CAS 107-06-2, molecular formula C2H4Cl2, molar mass 98.96 g/mol
Data transcribed from regulatory registers and technical literature, with the source and edition stated. It does not replace the supplier's safety data sheet. Fields without a recorded source are marked as such.
📊 Physicochemical data — CAS 107-06-2
📊Physicochemical properties
Quick Reference
Formula:C2H4Cl2
MW:98.96 g/mol
CAS:107-06-2
Appearance:Heavy liquid
Odour:Pleasant, chloroform-like odor
🔬 Advanced Properties
Chemical Identifiers
SMILES:C(CCl)Cl
Last updated: 2026-08-25
📐Physical & Chemical Properties (DB)
5 fields MolGod Score: No source
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
applies to: Molecular formula · Molecular weight · LogP (lipophilicity) · IUPAC name · SMILES · InChIKey
NIST. Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗
applies to: Boiling point
Ding M, Wang Y, Li M et al.. (2025). "Sulfur-Engineered Ru/SnO(2) Catalysts for Highly Efficient Catalytic Combustion of 1,2-Dichloroethane.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.10
Deng YD, Zhang WH, Zuo ZH et al.. (2024). "The complete degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane in Escherichia coli by metabolic engineering.". Journal of hazardous materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhaz
(1991). "NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) in F344/N Rats, Sprague Dawley Rats, Osborne-Mendel Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water and Gavage S
MOLECULE
Per-CAS bibliography (live from 13+ databases)
Sources: db:pubmed (3) · db:Europe PMC (1)
db:pubmed
Ding M, Wang Y, Li M et al.. (2025). "Sulfur-Engineered Ru/SnO(2) Catalysts for Highly Efficient Catalytic Combustion of 1,2-Dichloroethane.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03212 →
db:pubmed
Zhao S, Rogers MJ, Xu G et al.. (2025). "Microbial Cooperative Molecular Strategies Enabling 1,2-Dichloroethane Detoxification in Low pH Aquifers.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03012 →
db:pubmed
Deng YD, Zhang WH, Zuo ZH et al.. (2024). "The complete degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane in Escherichia coli by metabolic engineering.". Journal of hazardous materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134476 →
db:Europe PMC
(1991). "NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) in F344/N Rats, Sprague Dawley Rats, Osborne-Mendel Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water and Gavage Studies) (CAS No. 107-06-2).".
Regulatory status of the substance
Inventories: US/TSCA, CA / DSL (toxic). Regulatory information — does not restrict purchase in this store.
🧮 Stoichiometry Calculator
🧪 Chemical Data
CAS Number
107-06-2
Molecular formula
C2H4Cl2
Molar mass
98.96 g/mol
IUPAC name (EN)
1,2-dichloroethane
SMILES
C(CCl)Cl
InChIKey
WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
📚 Related literature (2 articles)
Matched automatically from public bibliographic databases by text similarity. Not curated for this substance, and not part of the safety data sheet.
PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH/NLM), chemical compound database. ↗
applies to: PubChem CID · InChIKey · InChI · SMILES
ECHA. EC Inventory — EINECS, ELINCS, NLP and List Numbers assigned under REACH. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. ↗
applies to: EC Number
ChEMBL. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), bioactivity database. ↗
applies to: ChEMBL
ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry, chemical structure database. ↗
applies to: ChemSpider
Further reading
Publications thematically related to this CAS. They are not the source of any value shown on this card.
Extended Bibliography (4)
★★★★★CANONICAL_PAPERS💰 Paywall (probable)✓ verifiedMatsushita S; Hasegawa T; Hiraoka M et al.. 2021. "TLC-based MS Imaging Analysis of Glycosphingolipids and Glycerin Fatty Acid Esters after 1,2-Dichloroethane Washing." Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.link[accessed: 2026-10-11]
★★★★☆CANONICAL_PAPERS💰 Paywall (probable)✓ verifiedGwinn MR; Johns DO; Bateson TF et al.. 2011. "A review of the genotoxicity of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC)." Mutation research.link[accessed: 2026-10-11]
★★☆☆☆CROSSREF🔓 OPEN❓ unverifiedKadish, Karl M., Anderson, James E.. 2016. "Purification of Solvents for Electroanalysis: 1,1-Dichloroethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane." IUPAC Standards Online. https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.59.0015.link[accessed: 2026-08-25]
★☆☆☆☆OPENLIBRARY🔓 OPENUnited States. Environmental Protection Agency., Clement Associates. 1990. "Toxicological profile for 1,2-dichloroethane." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.link[accessed: 2026-10-08]CC0 (metadata)
📡 Spectroscopy — CAS 107-06-2
NMR spectroscopy — source records
Earlier NMR results on this page remain available: Live Spectra (NMRShiftDB card).
Structure identity: WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
For each record: MolGod’s status line, then the source record (as retrieved by MolGod), then MolGod’s own checks.
Experimental NMR
¹H NMR
¹H NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:24614
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
3.7
H1 H2 H3 H4
not reported by the source
group
Values taken by the source from a reference book (secondary source).
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
24614
Solvent
Chloroform-D1 (CDCl3)
Temperature (K)
318
Frequency (MHz)
60
Publication
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Aldrich Chemical Company C.J. Pouchert; J.R. Campbell The Aldrich Library of NMR Spectra 1974
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
¹H NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:20198100
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
3.73
H1 H2 H3 H4
not reported by the source
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
20198100
Solvent
Chloroform-D1 (CDCl3)
Temperature (K)
297
Frequency (MHz)
300.1
Publication
Journal of Organic Chemistry 62 7512-7515 H.E. Gottlieb; V. Kotlyar; A. Nudelman NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities 1997
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
¹H NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:20198102
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
3.87
H1 H2 H3 H4
not reported by the source
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
20198102
Solvent
Acetone-D6 ((CD3)2CO)
Temperature (K)
297
Frequency (MHz)
300.1
Publication
as in record 20198100
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
¹H NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:20198104
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
3.9
H1 H2 H3 H4
not reported by the source
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
20198104
Solvent
(CD3)2SO
Temperature (K)
297
Frequency (MHz)
300.1
Publication
as in record 20198100
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
¹H NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:20198105
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
2.9
H1 H2 H3 H4
not reported by the source
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
20198105
Solvent
Benzene-D6 (C6D6)
Temperature (K)
297
Frequency (MHz)
300.1
Publication
as in record 20198100
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
¹H NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:20198106
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
3.81
H1 H2 H3 H4
not reported by the source
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
20198106
Solvent
Acetonitrile-D3 (CD3CN)
Temperature (K)
297
Frequency (MHz)
300.1
Publication
as in record 20198100
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
¹H NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:20198107
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
3.78
H1 H2 H3 H4
not reported by the source
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
20198107
Solvent
Methanol-D4 (CD3OD)
Temperature (K)
297
Frequency (MHz)
300.1
Publication
as in record 20198100
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
¹H NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:80129039
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
3.734
H1 H2 H3 H4
not reported by the source
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
80129039
Solvent
Chloroform-D1 (CDCl3)
Temperature (K)
298
Frequency (MHz)
400
Publication
not reported by the source
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
¹³C NMR
¹³C NMR — Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:80129040
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
43.44
C1 C2
T
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
80129040
Solvent
Chloroform-D1 (CDCl3)
Temperature (K)
298
Frequency (MHz)
400
Publication
not reported by the source
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
NMR deposited as experimental — measurement details incomplete
The source lists these spectra as experimental but does not report all measurement details; each spectrum states what is missing. Chemical shifts below come from the source record and are not reconstructed.
¹³C NMR
¹³C NMR — Deposited as experimental; the source reports no measurement details (solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency not reported) — nmrshiftdb2:spectrum:10066302
δ (ppm)
Assignment (atoms)
Multiplicity
Assignment quality
43.9
C1 C2
T
group
Source
nmrshiftdb2
Spectrum ID
10066302
Solvent
not reported by the source
Temperature (K)
not reported by the source
Frequency (MHz)
not reported by the source
Publication
not reported by the source
Method
Source measurement type: not declared
Retrieved
2026-09-30T01:44:14Z
MolGod verification
experimental candidate by rule NMR-MEASCALC-1
Assignments
group 1
Symmetry-equivalent atom groups (MolGod, from the three-dimensional structure)
National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
Spectral Database for Organic Structure Determination (SDBS). 2024. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
Ulrich, Eldon L., Hideo Akutsu, John F. Doreleijers, Yoko Harano, Yannis E. Ioannidis, Jundong Lin, Miron Livny, et al. 2008. "BioMagResBank." Nucleic Acids Research 36 (D1): D402–D408. [DOI ↗]
Horai, Hisayuki, Masanori Arita, Shigehiko Kanaya, Yoshito Nihei, Tasuku Ikeda, Kazuhiro Suwa, Yuya Ojima, et al. 2010. "MassBank: A Public Repository for Sharing Mass Spectral Data for Life Sciences." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 45 (7): 703–714. [DOI ↗]
Linstrom, P.J., and W.G. Mallard, eds. 2024. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. ↗
McDonald, M. Shane, Mike McAvoy, and Ajit Bhalerao. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. [DOI ↗]
PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
Spectra are fetched on demand from 9 sources. Each spectrum is stored in our database — the next time it is opened there are zero requests to the external API. Download JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG for every spectrum without searching.
Type of data: Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency Basis: these values match NMRShiftDB record nmrshiftdb2:24614; type as classified by MolGod from that record.
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🔗 Source
About the downloads (Type of data: Experimental (measured); conditions reported by the source: solvent, temperature, spectrometer frequency) JCAMP: the NMRShiftDB file as received (JCAMP-DX 5.01 text). It is a peak list: chemical shift in ppm. MolGod adds header lines stating the type of data; the values are unchanged. CSV: the same peak list in two columns. The second column repeats the shift value; it is not a signal intensity. Lines starting with # state the type of data. PNG: a picture of the plot above, with the type of data written on it. Use: where signals are expected or were reported (chemical shift positions). Not included or guaranteed: intensities, multiplicities, coupling constants, line shapes, and solvent or temperature unless stated. A predicted list is not a measurement and cannot serve as a reference spectrum for identity or purity testing. Downloads become active after Show.
Data is fetched once (JCAMP-DX parser) and stored in the plugin's local database. No duplicate downloads, no NIST queries on subsequent openings. Licences respected (only a deep link plus our own visualisation is published).
Data retrieved live from multiple sources (priority chain). JCAMP-DX / CSV / PNG available for download under each spectrum. ⓘ Single source ★★☆☆☆ⓘ Single source ★★☆☆☆
IR — Fourier-transform infrared
Loading IR — Fourier-transform infrared…
MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)
Loading MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)…
🧮 DFT vs experiment comparison (IR)
Overlay of the experimental IR spectrum on the theoretically calculated spectrum using the B3LYP/6-31G* method (scaling factor 0.9614, Scott & Radom 1996).
Experimental DFT (theoretical)
Full theoretical data (geometry, frequencies): NIST CCCBDB ↗
📚 Bibliography (Chicago)
Becke, Axel D. 1993. "Density-Functional Thermochemistry. III. The Role of Exact Exchange." Journal of Chemical Physics 98 (7): 5648–5652. Definition of the B3LYP functional.
Scott, Anthony P., and Leo Radom. 1996. "Harmonic Vibrational Frequencies: An Evaluation of Hartree–Fock, Møller–Plesset, Quadratic Configuration Interaction, Density Functional Theory, and Semiempirical Scale Factors." Journal of Physical Chemistry 100 (41): 16502–16513. Scaling factors for DFT (e.g., 0.9614 for B3LYP/6-31G*).
Merrick, Jeffrey P., Damian Moran, and Leo Radom. 2007. "An Evaluation of Harmonic Vibrational Frequency Scale Factors." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 111 (45): 11683–11700. An update to Scott & Radom — scale factors for newer DFT functionals.
Lee, Chengteh, Weitao Yang, and Robert G. Parr. 1988. "Development of the Colle-Salvetti Correlation-Energy Formula into a Functional of the Electron Density." Physical Review B 37 (2): 785–789. The LYP correlation — complements Becke 1993 for B3LYP.
Hehre, Warren J., Robert Ditchfield, and John A. Pople. 1972. "Self-Consistent Molecular Orbital Methods. XII. Further Extensions of Gaussian-Type Basis Sets." Journal of Chemical Physics 56 (5): 2257–2261. Definition of the 6-31G* basis set (split-valence + polarization).
Johnson, Russell D., III, ed. 2022. "NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database (CCCBDB)." NIST Standard Reference Database 101, Release 22. https://cccbdb.nist.gov. Benchmark for theoretical values — the fallback link in the widget.
Cramer, Christopher J. 2004. "Essentials of Computational Chemistry: Theories and Models." 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley. A textbook on DFT methods and vibrational frequency calculations.
Jensen, Frank. 2017. "Introduction to Computational Chemistry." 3rd ed. Chichester: Wiley. Modern computational chemistry — basis sets and methods for vibrational spectra.
Foresman, James B., and Æleen Frisch. 2015. "Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure Methods." 3rd ed. Wallingford, CT: Gaussian, Inc. A practical Gaussian guide — IR + Raman + NMR from DFT.
🎓 Spectrum interpretation guide (for students)
Explanations of every band in the spectrum — why it appears where it does, and what it indicates about the structure.
IR (infrared) (3 peaks)
The IR (infrared) spectrum contains 3 structurally identified bands (out of 8 detected in total: 5 outside recognised ranges). The analysis below explains what each one means structurally and why it appears in that particular range.
C–H bend (CH3, CH2 — methyl/methylene)CH3/CH2● high
Band "C–H bend (CH3, CH2 — methyl/methylene)" appears in cases: 1,450.0 cm⁻¹ (weak (w)), 1,466.0 cm⁻¹ (weak (w)). This is the stretching vibration of aliphatic sp³ C–H bonds. Present in virtually every organic compound with an alkyl chain.
C–Cl stretch (chloride)CCl● medium
Band "C–Cl stretch (chloride)" appears in cases: 722.0 cm⁻¹ (strong (s)). C–Cl stretch — low frequency; its presence confirms a halogen element in the molecule (confirm via MS through the 35/37 Cl isotope pattern).
📚 Bibliography (Chicago)
Field, Leslie D., Sev Sternhell, and John R. Kalman. 2013. "Organic Structures from Spectra." 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley. A student problem-set textbook (interpretation guide companion).
Williams, Dudley H., and Ian Fleming. 2008. "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry." 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. A classic of narrative spectral interpretation — explains "why the peak is here".
Crews, Phillip, Jaime Rodríguez, and Marcel Jaspars. 2009. "Organic Structure Analysis." 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. A workflow for multi-parameter structural interpretation.
McLafferty, Fred W., and František Tureček. 1993. "Interpretation of Mass Spectra." 4th ed. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. MS fragmentation mechanisms — McLafferty rearrangement, m/z 29 = CHO.
Reusch, William. 2013. "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry: Spectroscopy." East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Spectrpy/spectro.htm. An open educational guide to IR/NMR/MS/UV — ideal for explaining functional groups.
Hesse, Manfred, Herbert Meier, and Bernd Zeeh. 2007. "Spektroskopische Methoden in der organischen Chemie." 8th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme. The standard German textbook on spectral interpretation.
Lampman, Gary M., Donald L. Pavia, George S. Kriz, and James R. Vyvyan. 2010. "Spectroscopy." 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. A workbook with integrated interpretive narratives.
Kalsi, P. S. 2010. "Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds." 6th ed. New Delhi: New Age International. A complete textbook on IR/NMR/MS/UV spectral interpretation.
🔎 Spectrum Search (JCAMP-DX)
Upload a JCAMP-DX file (.jdx, .dx, .jcm) — the system will calculate the cosine similarity against all spectra in the database and display the TOP 10 matches.
📚 Bibliography (Chicago)
McLafferty, Fred W., ed. 2018. Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. 11th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. A reference MS library (~775k spectra).
Stein, Stephen E., and Donald R. Scott. 1994. "Optimization and Testing of Mass Spectral Library Search Algorithms for Compound Identification." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 5 (9): 859–866. The cosine + dot-product algorithm of NIST MS Search.
McDonald, Robert S., and Paul A. Wilks Jr. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162. The JCAMP-DX specification (extended to 5.01 for NMR/MS).
McLafferty, Fred W., and František Tureček. 1993. "Interpretation of Mass Spectra." 4th ed. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. Cosine-similarity matching and MS fragmentation — the foundation of the search algorithm.
Sumner, Lloyd W., Alexander Amberg, Dave Barrett, Michael H. Beale, Richard Beger, Clare A. Daykin, Teresa W.-M. Fan, et al. 2007. "Proposed Minimum Reporting Standards for Chemical Analysis." Metabolomics 3 (3): 211–221. MSI Level 1-4 — confidence-level standards for spectral matching.
Stein, Stephen E. 1999. "An Integrated Method for Spectrum Extraction and Compound Identification from Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Data." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10 (8): 770–781. The AMDIS algorithm — deconvolution + library match (NIST).
Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press. Encyclopedia entries on spectral library searching.
Smith, Brian C. 2011. "Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. FT-IR and the JCAMP-DX format for transmission spectra.
Larkin, Peter. 2017. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation." 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Principles of IR/Raman library matching and peak preprocessing.
Structural properties
Loading structural data...
❓ Frequently asked questions (3)
What is 1,2-Dichloroethane?
1,2-Dichloroethane (CAS 107-06-2) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4Cl2 and a molecular weight of 98.96 g/mol.
Helpful?
What is the CAS number of 1,2-Dichloroethane?
The CAS number for 1,2-Dichloroethane is 107-06-2.
Helpful?
What is the chemical formula of 1,2-Dichloroethane?
The molecular formula of 1,2-Dichloroethane is C2H4Cl2.
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Download structure files
Molecular structure files from the PubChem database (NIH). Compatible with Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, and ChemDraw.
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW
±0.1% (depends on MW precision)
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³
Exact
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ Kelvin
T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15
±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ Fahrenheit
T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32
±0.1 °F
Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarity
c (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL
±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimals
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliography (8 authoritative sources)
Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008 → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7 → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗ → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗ → General rules for physical quantities and units
ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗ → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010 → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5 → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Data limitations notice. The safety information on this page is for reference only and does not replace a full safety data sheet (SDS). Before using the product, consult the manufacturer's current safety data sheet and the GHS/CLP guidance. The CLP classification applies to the pure bulk substance, not to commercial formulations.
GHS/CLP classification — Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 + UN GHS Rev. 9 (2021).
P203 — Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use
✓ Harmonised classification pursuant to Annex VI of the CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 (official, binding classification). Index number: 602-012-00-7.
Reference (Chicago): European Chemicals Agency. "1,2-dichloroethane; ethylene dichloride, Index No. 602-012-00-7." In Table 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), 23rd Adaptation to Technical Progress (harmonised list as of 2026-07-07). Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2026. https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/annex-vi-to-clp.
⚠ IARC — Group 2B:
possibly carcinogenic to humans.
(Independent assessment of carcinogenicity evidence by IARC/WHO — supplements the CLP classification above.)
Reference (Chicago): IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 107-06-2. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.
Classification from the local MOL-GOD list (snapshot) — unverified against the current IARC list. Verify
Translations: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, Annexes III and IV. Data: PubChem/NLM.
☢️ Toxicological data (IARC + EPA CTX)
🧬 IARC Carcinogen Classification
IARC classification:
Group 2B
Classification from a local MOL-GOD snapshot — unverified against the current IARC list (verify).
Ding M, Wang Y, Li M et al.. (2025). "Sulfur-Engineered Ru/SnO(2) Catalysts for Highly Efficient Catalytic Combustion of 1,2-Dichloroethane.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03212 [DOI]
Zhao S, Rogers MJ, Xu G et al.. (2025). "Microbial Cooperative Molecular Strategies Enabling 1,2-Dichloroethane Detoxification in Low pH Aquifers.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03012 [DOI]
Deng YD, Zhang WH, Zuo ZH et al.. (2024). "The complete degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane in Escherichia coli by metabolic engineering.". Journal of hazardous materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134476 [DOI]
(1991). "NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) in F344/N Rats, Sprague Dawley Rats, Osborne-Mendel Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water and Gavage Studies) (CAS No. 107-06-2).".
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans." Lyon: IARC. 🔗
U.S. EPA. 2024. "ECOTOX Knowledgebase." Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 🔗
ECHA. 2024. "Chemical Safety Assessment." European Chemicals Agency. 🔗
U.S. National Toxicology Program. 2024. Report on Carcinogens. 15th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 🔗
GESTIS. 2024. "GESTIS Substance Database." Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV). 🔗
U.S. EPA. 2024. "CompTox Chemicals Dashboard." Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 🔗
ECHA. 2023. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP), Annex VI — Harmonised Classification." European Chemicals Agency. 🔗
Leist, Marcel, et al. 2014. "Consensus Report on the Future of Animal-Free Systemic Toxicity Testing." ALTEX 31 (3): 341–356. [DOI]
Hartung, Thomas. 2009. "Toxicology for the Twenty-First Century." Nature 460 (7252): 208–212. [DOI]
Lenga, Robert E., ed. 2008. The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data. 2nd ed. Milwaukee: Sigma-Aldrich.
Slikker, William Jr., et al. 2004. "Dose-Dependent Terminal and Tissue Residues After Chronic Exposure." Toxicological Sciences 81 (2): 253–279. [DOI]
🚨 Emergency procedure — chemical spillFlammable
CAS 107-06-2GHS:H225H350H302H335H315H319💨 Ventilation
🥽 PPE — Personal protective equipment
Goggles:Yes
Suit:antistatic clothing
Respirator:type A2 filter (organic vapours) — EN 14387:2004+A1:2008
⚠️ GENERIC procedure derived from the GHS classification (no curated data for this CAS). Always follow the supplier's current Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
1. Remove ignition sources; no sparking or open flames.
2. Ventilate to disperse vapors; use grounded, spark-proof tools.
3. Cover with a non-combustible absorbent; collect into a vented / UN container.
4. Wash the area with water; treat residues and absorbent as hazardous waste.
Additional properties from GHS:
• health hazard (CMR / STOT / aspiration) — minimize exposure
• irritant — avoid skin/eye contact and dust inhalation
🛢️ Large spill (>1L) ⚠️ Hazardous material
1. Evacuate; eliminate all ignition sources, monitor vapor concentration (LEL).
2. Full antistatic PPE; spark-proof equipment. Extinguishing: foam/powder/CO2 — NOT a water jet.
3. Collect mechanically into a labeled UN container; hand over to an authorized company (BDO — national rule, Poland).
4. Report the incident per the OHS procedure; on release to the environment notify the Regional Environmental Inspectorate (WIOŚ) (national rule — Poland).
🩹 First aid
🧴 Skin
1. Remove contaminated clothing.
2. Rinse the skin with plenty of water for ≥15 min.
3. The substance may be absorbed through the skin — monitor symptoms / see a doctor.
👁️ Eyes
1. Rinse with water for ≥15 min, eyelids held open; remove contact lenses.
2. See an ophthalmologist if irritation persists.
🫁 Inhalation
1. Move the casualty to fresh air, comfortable position.
2. If short of breath — oxygen / doctor.
🍽️ Ingestion
1. Rinse the mouth with water; do NOT induce vomiting.
2. Poison Control Center (Poland): +48 42 631 47 24.
🌍 Environment:
Water: Medium; Soil: Low; ❌ Do not release into drains; Waste Code: 16 05 06*
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — 8
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets — Section 6: Accidental Release Measures. ECHA.
[link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Hazard classes and H-statements. Official Journal of the European Union L 353.
[link ↗]
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards — NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. CDC.
[link ↗]
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2024. 29 CFR 1910.120 — Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.
[link ↗]
National Fire Protection Association. 2018. NFPA 472: Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents. NFPA.
[link ↗]
European Parliament and Council. 2012. Directive 2012/18/EU on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (Seveso III). Official Journal of the European Union L 197: 1–37.
[link ↗]
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2024. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[link ↗]
European Chemicals Agency. 2020. Guidance on the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets (SDS), Version 3.1. ECHA.
[link ↗]
Sources: GHS/CLP classification (PubChem/SDS) — generic fallback · ECHA Guidance on SDS (section 6) · NIOSH Pocket Guide.
Indicative data only — in an emergency, always follow the supplier's instructions and local occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations.
🔥 Visual PPE guide (personal protective equipment)Flammable
🧤 Gloves
Nitrile (chemical-resistant + ESD) >0.2 mm EN 374-1 + EN 16350 (ESD)
NO latex (static); no metal parts
👁️ Safety Glasses / Goggles
EN 166 B
Standard splash protection
🥼 Lab Coat / Coverall
ESD lab coat (anti-static, 100% cotton or Nomex) EN 1149-5 (ESD) + EN ISO 11612 (limited flame spread)
No synthetic fabrics (nylon, polyester) — melting in a fire
💨 Ventilation
6 ACH(air changes/hour) ATEX zone 1/2 ventilation + 6 ACH
No ignition sources (open flame, hot plate, sparks); LEL monitor
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date)
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms — Part 1: Terminology and performance requirements for chemical risks. CEN, Brussels. EN 374-1:2016. [link ↗] — Classification of chemical-resistant gloves type A/B/C; JKLPT permeation tests
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2001. EN 166:2001 — Personal eye-protection — Specifications. CEN, Brussels. EN 166:2001. [link ↗] — Markings: B = medium-energy impact, T = extreme temperatures, 9 = molten metals and hot solids
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2009. EN 14605:2005+A1:2009 — Protective clothing against liquid chemicals — Performance requirements for clothing with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type 4) connections. CEN, Brussels. EN 14605:2009. [link ↗] — Type 3 (jet-tight) and Type 4 (spray-tight) protection against liquid chemicals
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. [link ↗] — Practical guide to CPC (chemical protective clothing) selection per substance and exposure scenario
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. Personal Protective Equipment — General requirements. U.S. Department of Labor — 29 CFR 1910.132. 29 CFR 1910.132. [link ↗] — The employer must provide PPE + training + a documented written hazard assessment
ℹ️ Regulatory obligations checklist for CAS 107-06-2.
Status based on: ADR 2025 (Table A), REACH Annex XVII, CLP Annex VI (harmonised classification), hazard class from the m14-spill DB, SVHC, GIS and the Polish OEL list. Principle: no data = no claim (we do NOT declare "no restrictions" without a basis).
✅SDS (Safety Data Sheet) availablefulfilled
How to comply: Requirement: current SDS compliant with Reg. 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex II, 16-section format.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 31 + Annex II
▣Compliant CLP label (pictograms + signal word + H/P)required
How to comply: The label must include: GHS pictograms, the signal word (Danger/Warning), hazard (H) and precautionary (P) statements, and manufacturer details. Required since 2010 (substances) and 2015 (mixtures). For this substance a HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION applies (CLP Annex VI) — see below; it takes precedence over self-classification.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) Art. 17-33 + Annex VI (harmonised classification)
❓ADR transport (international agreement)to be verified
How to comply: No ADR data in the MOL-GOD dataset for this CAS number. Do NOT assume there are no restrictions — before shipping, verify the transport classification in ADR 2025 (Table A) and in section 14 of the safety data sheet (SDS).
Legal basis: ADR 2025 European Agreement + Polish Act of 19 August 2011 on the Transport of Dangerous Goods National rules — Poland
🔵REACH registration (>1 t/year EU import)conditional
How to comply: Importers/manufacturers ≥1 tonne/year must register the substance with ECHA (technical dossier + Chemical Safety Report if ≥10 t). Check the ECHA Annex VI / registered substances list.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Art. 5-22
▣REACH Annex XVII (use/marketing restrictions)required
How to comply: Substance subject to a REACH Annex XVII restriction (entry 28–30): CMR category 1A/1B — not for supply to the general public (professional users only). Check the conditions for placing on the market/use and the note in SDS section 15.
Legal basis: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) Annex XVII — restrictions on manufacture, placing on the market and use
⚠️ REACH Annex XVII (entry 28–30): CMR category 1A/1B — not for supply to the general public (professional users only).
European Parliament and Council. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP). Official Journal of the European Union L 353/1. CLP Regulation 1272/2008. [link ↗] — Classification, labelling and packaging of substances + mixtures (GHS implementation in the EU)
European Parliament and Council. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Official Journal of the European Union L 396/1. REACH Regulation 1907/2006. [link ↗] — REACH — registration, evaluation and authorisation of chemicals; SVHC; SDS Annex II
Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. 2024. Rozporządzenie Ministra Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 4 września 2024 r. w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy. Dziennik Ustaw RP 2024 poz. 1017. National rules — Poland[link ↗] — NDS and NDSCh for ~600 chemical substances — current Polish occupational exposure limits
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2025. European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), 2025 Edition. United Nations, Geneva. ADR 2025. [link ↗] — International agreement on the road transport of dangerous goods — UN numbers, classes, packaging
📚 Consolidated scientific references — Chicago Author-Date 10 sources
References collected from all Safety Hub tabs. CAS: 107-06-2 ·
PubChem ↗
Parlament Europejski i Rada UE. 2008. "Regulation (EC) nr 1272/2008 w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji (CLP)." Dz.Urz. UE L 353. [↗]
GHS, Regulations
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Ninth Revised Edition." United Nations, Geneva. [↗]
GHS
Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, et al.. 2019. "Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.." McGraw-Hill Education, New York. ISBN 978-1-25-985961-8.
First aid, Toxicology
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2023. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS Publ. 2005-149)." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services / CDC, Cincinnati, OH. [↗]
First aid, PPE, Toxicology
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2016. "EN 374-1:2016 — Protective gloves against dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms." CEN, Brussels. [↗]
PPE
UNECE. 2023. "European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR 2025)." United Nations, Geneva. [↗]
Disposal, Regulations
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). 2022. "NFPA 400 — Hazardous Materials Code." NFPA, Quincy, MA. [↗]
Storage
Urben, P.G. (ed.). 2017. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 8th ed.." Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier, Oxford. [↗]
Storage
Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska RP. 2023. "Baza danych o produktach i opakowaniach oraz o gospodarce odpadami (BDO)." Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Warszawa. National rules — Poland[↗]
Disposal
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO). 2024. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans — List of Classifications." WHO, Lyon. [↗]
Toxicology
Tabs with their own references (Emergency, PPE, Storage, Waste) contain additional bibliographic entries within their respective sections.
Paste a series of replicate measurements (CSV, or one number per line). The calculator computes the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI, and detects outliers (Grubbs + Dixon Q).
Separator: comma, space, tab, new line. Minimum 3 measurements.
📐 Statistical formulas
x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — arithmetic mean
s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — sample variance
s = √s² — standard deviation
RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — relative standard deviation
Plan your entire laboratory project: add experiments with reagents, replicates, and duration. You'll get a Gantt chart, a shopping list (with links to the store!), a budget with a 10% margin, and a GHS risk matrix.
💡 Log in to save projects.
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🧪 Solubility and solvent compatibility
Molecule
1,2-Dichloroethane
Formula
C2H4Cl2
logP (XLogP3)
1.50
Mass (g/mol)
98.96
Polarity
Moderate
⚠️ GC estimate (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen). No literature HSP data for this CAS — precision ±2 MPa½. Verify experimentally.
Solvent
Compat.
Ra
Visual
GC-MS
HPLC
Applications
References
Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) For this molecule R₀ = 8..
Solubility theory (applied in compatibility prediction):
Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + Ra formula.
Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solvatochromism.
Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution for dD/dP/dH from SMILES.
Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Complete tabular set of 250+ solvents (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
PubChem Compound Database — CAS 107-06-2 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.
Full bibliography in the REFERENCES accordion (at the bottom of the page) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.
🧮 Solubility calculator
Solubility:—
logS:—
Method:—
⚠️ —
Solubility vs temperature
🌐 Hansen Solubility Sphere (3D)
⚠️ The Hansen parameters for this substance fall outside the range of the method.
At least one of the δD/δP/δH parameters fell outside the domain of validity of the group contribution method (Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen), so the position of the molecule in Hansen space is unknown. The distance Ra is measured FROM THAT POINT — it cannot be calculated without knowing the point. The sphere and the distance table have been omitted rather than filled with numbers that have nothing behind them. Where a solubility measurement exists, it is shown in the table below.
Ra < R₀ = good miscibility · Ra < 1,5×R₀ = borderline · above = poor (R₀ — radius of the Hansen sphere of this molecule) Target molecule: δD=outside the method's range,
δP=outside the method's range,
δH=outside the method's range8
Drug-likeness radar chart (Lipinski Ro5 / Veber). Green zone = compliance with criteria.
Predictive data — properties calculated in silico (SMILES/RDKit). These do not replace clinical studies. Do not use for drug evaluation without experimental verification.
Lipinski, Christopher A., Franco Lombardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. 1997. "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1-3): 3-25.
Veber, Daniel F., Stephen R. Johnson, Hung-Yuan Cheng, et al. 2002. "Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (12): 2615-2623.
Daina, Antoine, Olivier Michielin, and Vincent Zoete. 2017. "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness." Scientific Reports 7: 42717.
Egan, William J., and Gregory Lauri. 2002. "Prediction of intestinal permeability." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 273-289.
Baell, Jonathan B., and Georgina A. Holloway. 2010. "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719-2740.
Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, et al. 2008. "Lessons learnt from assembling screening libraries for drug discovery for neglected diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of synthetic accessibility score of drug-like molecules based on molecular complexity and fragment contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Ghose, Arup K., Vellarkad N. Viswanadhan, and John J. Wendoloski. 1999. "A Knowledge-Based Approach in Designing Combinatorial or Medicinal Chemistry Libraries for Drug Discovery." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 1 (1): 55-68.
Tice, Raymond R., Christopher P. Austin, Robert J. Kavlock, and John R. Bucher. 2013. "Improving the Human Hazard Characterization of Chemicals: A Tox21 Update." Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (7): 756-765.
Leeson, Paul D., and Brian Springthorpe. 2007. "The Influence of Drug-Like Concepts on Decision-Making in Medicinal Chemistry." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 (11): 881-890.
Hann, Michael M. 2011. "Molecular Obesity, Potency and Other Addictions in Drug Discovery." MedChemComm 2 (5): 349-355.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Walters, W. Patrick, and Mark A. Murcko. 2002. "Prediction of 'Drug-Likeness.'". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00003-0.
Congreve, Miles, Robin Carr, Christopher Murray, and Harren Jhoti. 2003. "A 'Rule of Three' for Fragment-Based Lead Discovery?" Drug Discovery Today 8 (19): 876–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02831-9.
Brenk, Ruth, Alessandro Schipani, Daniel James, Agata Krasowski, Iain Hugh Gilbert, Julie Frearson, and Paul Graham Wyatt. 2008. "Lessons Learnt from Assembling Screening Libraries for Drug Discovery for Neglected Diseases." ChemMedChem 3 (3): 435-444.
Schomburg, Karen T., Sascha Bietz, Hans Briem, Andrea M. Henzler, Stefan Urbaczek, and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "Facing the Challenges of Structure-Based Target Prediction by Inverse Virtual Screening." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (6): 1676-1686.
Bemis, Guy W., and Mark A. Murcko. 1996. "The Properties of Known Drugs. 1. Molecular Frameworks." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39 (15): 2887-2893.
Schomburg, Karen T., and Matthias Rarey. 2014. "What Is the Potential of Structure-Based Target Prediction Methods?" Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (17): 1987-1989.
Ding M, Wang Y, Li M et al.. (2025). "Sulfur-Engineered Ru/SnO(2) Catalysts for Highly Efficient Catalytic Combustion of 1,2-Dichloroethane.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03212
Zhao S, Rogers MJ, Xu G et al.. (2025). "Microbial Cooperative Molecular Strategies Enabling 1,2-Dichloroethane Detoxification in Low pH Aquifers.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03012
Deng YD, Zhang WH, Zuo ZH et al.. (2024). "The complete degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane in Escherichia coli by metabolic engineering.". Journal of hazardous materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134476
(1991). "NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) in F344/N Rats, Sprague Dawley Rats, Osborne-Mendel Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water and Gavage Studies) (CAS No. 107-06-2).".
Kadish, Karl M., Anderson, James E.. 2016. "Purification of Solvents for Electroanalysis: 1,1-Dichloroethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane." IUPAC Standards Online. https://doi.org/10.1515/iupac.59.0015. [DOI ↗]
United States. Environmental Protection Agency., Clement Associates. 1990. "Toxicological profile for 1,2-dichloroethane." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ↗
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NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) in F344/N Rats, Sprague Dawley Rats, Osborne-Mendel Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water and Gavage Studies) (CAS No. 107-06-2).
Daniel J. Morgan (1991) · PubMed
Why it matters:
Selected by multi-criteria score (citations + recency + topic + historical + OA).
SCORE 2.71PharmacologyCitations: 7
🎯 Related research topics (TF-IDF)10 tags
📊 Automatically extracted topics from the abstracts of 5 publications for CAS 107-06-2.
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📊 Citation graph for CAS 107-06-2.
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1,2-dichloroethane carries a harmonised entry in CLP Annex VI under index 602-012-00-7. This page covers the safety data sheet issued for it — a document, not a supply of the material.
1,2-dichloroethane (CAS 107-06-2) at a glance
Substance – 1,2-dichloroethane
CAS number – 107-06-2
EC number – 203-458-1
CLP Annex VI index number – 602-012-00-7
Also known as – ethylene dichloride
Hazard statements – H225 (highly flammable liquid and vapour); H350 (may cause cancer); H302 (harmful if swallowed); H335 (may cause respiratory irritation); H315 (causes skin irritation); H319 (causes serious eye irritation)
CMR classification – yes, classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction
Documentation issued – safety data sheet in REACH Annex II structure; working draft or signed card
What is supplied – a document. MolGod.org does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances.
First-aid content and why it is read first
The first-aid information for CAS 107-06-2 must be understandable and actionable by someone without a chemistry background when following instructions under time pressure. Section 4 includes additional notes intended for medical professionals, where the classification’s clinical relevance is detailed.
How is 1,2-dichloroethane classified for road, sea and air transport?
Section 14 for CAS 107-06-2 includes the UN number, correct shipping name, class, packing group, and environmental hazard where applicable. If the substance is not hazardous for transportation, Section 14 explicitly states this rather than being left empty; an empty Section 14 is interpreted as an omission rather than a lack of hazard.
What must the label for 1,2-dichloroethane contain?
The supply label for 1,2-dichloroethane is generated from the same classification that drives the safety data sheet: pictograms selected by precedence, one signal word derived from the highest hazard class present, and the hazard statements H225, H350, H302… reproduced in full. Where the container is too small to carry the complete set at a legible size, there are lawful ways to handle it and unlawful ones that look identical to a non-specialist.
Who is responsible for REACH compliance for 1,2-dichloroethane?
Whoever brings 1,2-dichloroethane across the Union border carries the documentation duty, and it does not transfer back up the supply chain by contract. Section 1 has to name a contactable entity inside the Union: a foreign address there is treated as no address at all, and it is among the first things an inspector verifies because it takes seconds.
Documentation demand on the EU market
CAS 107-06-2 has a recorded presence on the European trading market, which means documentation for it is requested routinely rather than exceptionally. Substances that move in commerce attract repeat scrutiny: the same sheet is read by successive customers, carriers and authorities, and a defect that survives the first reading rarely survives the tenth.
What do customs check when importing 1,2-dichloroethane?
When a consignment of 1,2-dichloroethane is stopped at the border, the document examined first is rarely the invoice. It is section 14 of the safety data sheet and its agreement with the transport papers. A missing packing group, an absent UN number or a proper shipping name that contradicts the classification of CAS 107-06-2 will hold the pallet regardless of how complete the remaining fifteen sections are.
Is 1,2-dichloroethane on the SVHC candidate list?
Yes — 1,2-dichloroethane appears on the candidate list of substances of very high concern. That triggers duties that classification alone does not: notification to ECHA above the tonnage threshold, and an obligation to inform recipients where the substance is present in an article above 0.1 % by weight. It is also listed in Annex XIV, with a sunset date of 2017-11-22. Once a substance reaches Annex XIV, continued use in the Union requires an authorisation granted for a named use — a supplier relationship alone is not a legal basis. Outside the Union the same substance appears on DSL — toxic (CA), TSCA (US). Exporters are read against the list of the destination, not of the origin.
Is 1,2-dichloroethane classified as a CMR substance?
CAS 107-06-2 is classified as a CMR substance (H350). That status changes the obligations attached to every shipment: workplace exposure documentation, restrictions on supply to the general public, and substitution pressure from downstream users who must justify continued use. A safety data sheet for a CMR substance is read more closely than any other, because the classification itself invites scrutiny.
Accidental release and containment
Section 6 covers accidental release of 1,2-dichloroethane: personal precautions, environmental precautions and the containment method. Where the classification carries an aquatic hazard, the environmental part stops being a formality and becomes the operative instruction.
Can I import 1,2-dichloroethane into the EU?
Bringing 1,2-dichloroethane into the Union is a documentation exercise before it is a logistics one. The file has to exist at the moment of import, not at the moment somebody asks for it, and for substances listed in CLP Annex VI it is examined in the context of regulated consignments. Index 602-012-00-7 fixes the classification that section 2 must reproduce.
How do I check if my SDS for 1,2-dichloroethane is still valid?
If a document concerning 1,2-dichloroethane is already in circulation, the initial consideration should be whether it is incorrect rather than whether to replace it, and if incorrect, in which specific sections. Errors tend to recur across a range of documents; therefore, examining three documents often provides insights that would otherwise require reviewing three hundred.
Identifiers that must agree
The CAS 107-06-2 number and index number 602-012-00-7 are not interchangeable or decorative elements; they serve distinct purposes. The index number connects to the harmonised classification system, whereas the CAS number links to chemical literature. A document containing one without the other requires readers to independently reconstruct this relationship, which may lead to errors during reconstruction.
Which GHS pictograms apply to 1,2-dichloroethane?
The label for 1,2-dichloroethane carries GHS02 (flame), GHS07 (exclamation mark), GHS08 (health hazard), with the signal word Danger. These are not chosen by the supplier: CLP Annex VI states them for CAS 107-06-2, and the precedence rules in Annex I decide which pictogram is dropped when two would say the same thing. A label showing a different set from the register is wrong even if every hazard statement on it is correct.
What is the EC number for 1,2-dichloroethane?
Alongside CAS 107-06-2, this substance carries EC number 203-458-1 and Annex VI index 602-012-00-7. European documentation is built around the EC number as often as around the CAS: registration dossiers, the candidate list and customs systems key on it. A safety data sheet quoting only one of the two forces every downstream reader to look up the other.
What is the CLP classification of 1,2-dichloroethane?
The harmonised classification for CAS 107-06-2 carries 6 hazard statements: H225, H350, H302, H335, H315, H319. In plain terms this means highly flammable liquid and vapour; may cause cancer; harmful if swallowed; may cause respiratory irritation. A harmonised entry is binding across the Union — an importer may not soften it, and a self-classification that diverges from it will not survive an enforcement check.
Questions about documentation for 1,2-dichloroethane
Can I check whether my existing sheet is still valid?
Yes. A section-by-section reading against Annex II and the current harmonised entry establishes that in one pass, and a sheet that passes is reported as passing.
Do I need a safety data sheet to import 1,2-dichloroethane into the EU?
Yes. A sheet compiled to Annex II of REACH must exist before the first consignment moves, and it must be held by the entity placing the substance on the Union market.
What is the CAS number of 1,2-dichloroethane?
CAS 107-06-2. In CLP Annex VI the same substance carries index number 602-012-00-7, and both identifiers should appear in the documentation.
Is 1,2-dichloroethane a CMR substance?
Yes. The harmonised classification places it among substances classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction, which changes workplace documentation and supply restrictions.
MolGod.org issues documentation and does not sell, supply or ship chemical substances. CAS 107-06-2 identifies the subject of this document.
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What the signature means
Who prepares the document
The document is generated by the MolGod engine from ECHA CLP Annex VI and the cited public sources, then read section by section by a qualified scientific reviewer with a degree in chemistry or a related scientific field.
What the review covers
The sheet is read section by section against the REACH Annex II structure. GHS classification and transport entries are checked against the sources cited in the document, and the sheet is adapted to the company, product grade and identified use you provide.
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We do not test your material and we cannot confirm what is physically in your container: composition, concentration, impurities or manufacturing route. Those come from you and are reproduced as supplied.
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The signature records that a qualified scientific reviewer read the document. It is not a government approval, not an ECHA approval, and not a legal certification — no such certification exists for safety data sheets in the EU. A signature does not by itself make a document legally valid or make your business compliant.
What you receive
A PDF in the 16-section REACH Annex II structure, signed and dated, with version information and a list of anything we could not establish. Five rounds of corrections are included.
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The supplier placing the substance or mixture on the market remains responsible for ensuring that the final safety data sheet matches the material, its identified uses and their legal role in the supply chain.
📚 Scientific references (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
Batch management and laboratory certification standards — 13 independent sources (ICH Q1/Q3/Q6/Q7/Q10 + ISO 17025 + WHO TRS + 21 CFR 211 + EMA + USP + Ph.Eur. + PIC/S + IPEC-PQG).
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2000. "Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients." ICH Expert Working Group. [link ↗] — GMP for APIs — adopted by EMA, FDA, MHLW
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories." ISO. [link ↗] — Lab accreditation standard underpinning every CoA
World Health Organization. 2010. "WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products: Main Principles (WHO Technical Report Series No. 957, Annex 3)." WHO Press. [link ↗] — WHO TRS No. 957 — global reference for GMP
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2003. "ICH Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products." International Council for Harmonisation. [link ↗] — Source for batch shelf-life and retest dating
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2006. "ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances." ICH. [link ↗]
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1999. "ICH Q6A: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products." ICH. [link ↗] — CoA acceptance-criteria specification standard
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2008. "ICH Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System." ICH. [link ↗]
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. "21 CFR Part 211: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals." US Code of Federal Regulations. [link ↗] — US legal mandate (Subpart J — Records and Reports)
European Medicines Agency. 2014. "Guideline on Process Validation for Finished Products — Information and Data to Be Provided EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/BWP/70278/2012." European Medicines Agency. [link ↗]
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42." USP. [link ↗]
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "European Pharmacopoeia 11th Edition." Council of Europe — EDQM. [link ↗]
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S). 2021. "Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products PE 009-15." PIC/S Secretariat, Geneva. [link ↗] — Cross-recognized GMP for 54 inspectorates worldwide
International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) and Pharmaceutical Quality Group (PQG). 2017. "Joint IPEC-PQG Good Manufacturing Practices Guide for Pharmaceutical Excipients." IPEC-Americas. [link ↗] — Excipient-grade CoA standard for non-API ingredients
📜 Patents (public metadata)
no data
No public patent metadata was found for this substance in Crossref / OpenAlex at this time. Data will be updated automatically after the next cache refresh (24h).
📚 References (Chicago Author-Date) — click to expand
Ding M, Wang Y, Li M et al.. (2025). "Sulfur-Engineered Ru/SnO(2) Catalysts for Highly Efficient Catalytic Combustion of 1,2-Dichloroethane.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03212
Zhao S, Rogers MJ, Xu G et al.. (2025). "Microbial Cooperative Molecular Strategies Enabling 1,2-Dichloroethane Detoxification in Low pH Aquifers.". Environmental science & technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03012
Deng YD, Zhang WH, Zuo ZH et al.. (2024). "The complete degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane in Escherichia coli by metabolic engineering.". Journal of hazardous materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134476
(1991). "NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) in F344/N Rats, Sprague Dawley Rats, Osborne-Mendel Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water and Gavage Studies) (CAS No. 107-06-2).".
World Intellectual Property Organization. 2024. "Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)." https://www.wipo.int/pct/.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2024. "USPTO Patent Public Search." https://ppubs.uspto.gov/.
European Patent Office. 2024. "Espacenet Patent Search." https://worldwide.espacenet.com/.
Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. 2020. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019." Journal of Natural Products 83 (3): 770-803.
Davies, Mark, Michał Nowotka, George Papadatos, et al. 2015. "ChEMBL Web Services: Streamlining Access to Drug Discovery Data and Utilities." Nucleic Acids Research 43 (W1): W612-W620.
Bickerton, G. Richard, Gaia V. Paolini, Jérémy Besnard, Sorel Muresan, and Andrew L. Hopkins. 2012. "Quantifying the Chemical Beauty of Drugs." Nature Chemistry 4 (2): 90-98.
Meanwell, Nicholas A. 2011. "Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (8): 2529-2591.
Ertl, Peter, and Ansgar Schuffenhauer. 2009. "Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions." Journal of Cheminformatics 1: 8.
Hopkins, Andrew L., and Colin R. Groom. 2002. "The Druggable Genome." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1 (9): 727-730.
Allison, John R., and Mark A. Lemley. 1998. "Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26 (3): 185-275.
Patani, George A., and Edmond J. LaVoie. 1996. "Bioisosterism: A Rational Approach in Drug Design." Chemical Reviews 96 (8): 3147-3176.
Lerner, Josh. 1994. "The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis." RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319-333.
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📚 REFERENCES (Aggregate bibliography, Chicago Author-Date) 79 items
All scientific sources cited in the accordions above for CAS 107-06-2. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.
AIST. n.d. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS): CAS 107-06-2. Tsukuba, Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/.
Linstrom, Peter J., and William G. Mallard, eds. n.d. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303.
PubChem. n.d. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 107-06-2. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=107-06-2.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 2024. "Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — Harmonised Classification and Labelling." ECHA, Helsinki / Official Journal of the European Union. https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/clp/clp-classification.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. "Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing: A Companion to the NIOSH Pocket Guide." U.S. Department of Health & Human Services / CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ncpc/default.html.
Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.
Rumble, John R., ed. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
IARC. n.d. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans: CAS 107-06-2. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.
📄 Scientific articles (peer-reviewed)
Stefanis, Emmanuel, and Costas Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." International Journal of Thermophysics 29: 568-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z.
Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.
European Parliament. 2008. "Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP)." Official Journal of the European Union L 353: 1–1355.
United Nations. 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 9th revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev.9. New York and Geneva: United Nations. https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. https://www.uspnf.com/.
International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
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